?Gregor, S. Benbasat, I.1999]Explanations from intelligent systems: Theoretical foundations and implications for practice497 MIS Quarterly234Explanation uses, explanations, intelligent systems, knowledge-based systems, expert systems, intelligent agents, decision support systems, cognitive effort, cognitive learningDecember, 19995'available on Expanded Academic database188?9Dennis, A.R. Aronson, J.E. Heninger, W.G. Walker II, E.D.19995Structuring time and task in electronic brainstorming95 MIS Quarterly231 March 1999A group support system (GSS) may be employed to help in group brainstorming. An experiment was conducted to manipulate task structure and time structure in electronic brainstorming. Groups electronically brainstormed either on intact tasks or on partitioned tasks. Results showed that the groups in the partitioned task treatment produced 40% more ideas but there were no time effects. These differences can be explained by the ability of the partitioned task to refocus members' attention more evenly across the entire solution space.2635?Zigurs, I. Buckland, B.K.1998GA theory of task/technology fit and group support systems effectiveness313 MIS Quarterly223September 1998A theory of task/technology fit in group support systems (GSS) is proposed. Task/technology fit is the ideal structure of task/technology alignment and arguments are advanced for determining GSS effectiveness. The theory is based on a clear description of the task involved which is an important requirement in GSS environments. The technology to be used is based on key specifications from previous work and is linked to task demands. The concept of fit is also accurately defined and is associated with the group performance.257n?Vandenbosch, B. Huff, S.L.1997\Searching and scanning: How executives obtain information from executive information systems81 MIS Quarterly211}Executive information systems, information search behaviour, information scanning, focused information search, IS performance March 1997)Research on executive information systems (EIS) was conducted to investigate the antecedents of two different modes of EIS use. Furthermore, the research aims to examine the EIS modes' implications for performance changes. A survey conducted among executives revealed that operations and assumptions are made more efficient when EIS is used for specific purposes or to answer questions for well-defined problems. The results can also be used to help executives and organizations to evaluate the effectiveness of the system on organizational performance.36?7Nidumolu, S.R. Goodman, S.E. Vogel, D.R. Danowitz, A.K.1996[Information technology for local administration support: The Governorates Project in Egypt197 MIS Quarterly202 June 1996-Egypt's Governorates Project is discussed to negate the existing concept on information technology application in developing countries' local government. The project was launched in 1987 by the Information and Decision Support Center of the Egyptian Cabinet. Its purpose is to put up the same center in the country's 27 governorates. The success of the project is attributed to leadership and relevant training. Project implementation is also facilitated by the attitude of the parties concerned, which is primarily influenced by the project administrators.784? Alavi, M.1994EComputer-mediated collaborative learning: an empirical investigation.159 MIS Quarterly182 June 1994tTechnological innovations in computer hardware, software and communication technologies have substantially expanded the possibilities for the educational application of these materials. The effectiveness of a group decision support system (GDSS) in the collaborative learning process is investigated. The results show that GDSS leads to higher levels of skill development.2142?)Dennis, A.R. Wixom, B.H. Vandenberg, R.J.2001VUnderstanding fit and appropriation effects in group support systems via meta-analysis167 MIS Quarterly252group support systems, GSS, group-ware, meta-analysis, task technology fit, appropriation, adoption, structuration, contingency theory, collaboration June 2001221Cardennis@indiana.edu, bwixom@mindspring.com, rvandenb@terry.uga.edu?3Cooper, B.L. Watson, H.J. Wixom, B.H. Goodhue, D.L.2000JData warehousing supports corporate strategy at first American corporation547 MIS Quarterly244tData warehousing, corporate strategy, organizational transformation, customer relationship management, IS management December 200047[brian.cooper@fanb.com, hwatson@terry.uga.edu, bwixom@mindspring.com, dgoodhue@terry.uga.edu%? Wixom, B.H. Watson, H.J.2001LAn empirical investigation of the factors affecting data warehousing success17 MIS Quarterly251CData warehousing, success, IS implementation, Partial Least Squares March 200149,bwixom@mindspring.com, hwatson@terry.uga.edu/? Todd, P. Benbasat, I.1992vThe use of information in decision making: An experimental investigation of the impact of computer-based decision aids373 MIS Quarterly163ODecision support systems, information processing, cognitive cost-benefit theorySeptember 19921207? Alavi, M. Joachimsthaler, E.A.1992iRevisiting DSS implementation research: A meta-analysis of the literature and suggestions for researchers95 MIS Quarterly161(Decision support systems, implementation March 1992110? Belcher, L.W. Watson, H.J.1993#Assessing the value of Conoco's EIS239 MIS Quarterly173bExecutive information systems, executive support systems, system evaluation, cost benefit analysisSeptember 1993335? Finlay, P.N. Forghani, M.1998@A classification of success factors for decision support systems53(Journal of Strategic Information Systems71NDecision support systems, project selection, IS development, IS implementation March 1998Whilst considerable experience in the design and development of decision support systems (DSS) has been accumulated, the expected benefits from these systems are often not realized. To help correct this deficiency the knowledge about the factors for success in consultant-led DSS development has been structured within a classification that has been motivated by three major considerations: the needed alignment between the DSS and the business requirements; the wide range of actors who play a role, both in the development of the DSS and in its continued use; and the two phases to DSS development whereby an appropriate environment for development is ensured and the commitment of the major actors is maintained as the required DSS is evolved. Field research was carried out to develop and validate the classification. The implementation of 39 DSS was reviewed in 27 organizations that together were using 22 DSS generators. 131 factors were verified in the field research as impacting on the successful implementation of DSS. A second field research investigated the importance of these factors in one specific situation, and demonstrated the use of the classification in providing guidance to practitioners operating in similar contexts.1151F? Fowler, A.2000[The role of AI-based technology in support of the knowledge management value activity cycle(Journal of Strategic Information Systems9>Artificial intelligence, Knowledge management, Neural networks The paper evaluates the phenomenon of knowledge management (KM) and its relationship to the artificial intelligence (AI) technologies of knowledge-based systems, case-based reasoning and neural networks. A knowledge value-chain (KVC) concept is established and developed into a closed loop knowledge activity cycle. This is then linked to Nonaka's knowledge spiral and related concepts. Using this framework, applied within the context of the core business processes underpinning a contemporary `knowledge company' that is operating at the forefront of computer networking technology, the potential application of AI is investigated. The study thereby illustrates both the potential and the limitations of AI technologies in terms of their capability to support the KM process.6192?(Ishman, M.D. Pegels, C.C. Sanders, L.G.2001xManagerial information system success factors within the cultural context of North America and a former Soviet Republic.291(Journal of Strategic Information Systems104QManagerial information system, Success factors, Managerial issues, Cross-cultural December 2001xDue to the magnitude of organizational resource requirements for the development of managerial information systems, both practitioners and researchers have attempted to identify those factors that impact on information system success. This paper presents a cross-cultural analysis of a hybrid model of information systems success within the cultural context of North America and a former Soviet Republic, Latvia. The results of the analysis indicate that some of the factors that impact on managerial information system success have built-in value biases reflecting the value orientations of the culture in which they are developed.7219$F?OShim, J.P. Warkentin, M. Courtney, J.F. Power, D.J. Sharda, R. Carlsson, C.20028Past, present, and future of decision support technologyDecision Support SystemsDecision support technology, DSS development, Collaborative support systems, Virtual teams, Optimization-based decision support January 2002nSince the early 1970s, decision support systems (DSS) technology and applications have evolved significantly. Many technological and organizational developments have exerted an impact on this evolution. DSS once utilized more limited database, modeling, and user interface functionality, but technological innovations have enabled far more powerful DSS functionality. DSS once supported individual decision-makers, but later DSS technologies were applied to workgroups or teams, especially virtual teams. The advent of the Web has enabled inter-organizational decision support systems, and has given rise to numerous new applications of existing technology as well as many new decision support technologies themselves. It seems likely that mobile tools, mobile e-services, and wireless Internet protocols will mark the next major set of developments in DSS. This paper discusses the evolution of DSS technologies and issues related to DSS definition, application, and impact. It then presents four powerful decision support tools, including data warehouses, OLAP, data mining, and Web-based DSS. Issues in the field of collaborative support systems and virtual teams are presented. This paper also describes the state of the art of optimization-based decision support and active decision support for the next millennium. Finally, some implications for the future of the field are discussed.7]In Press, Uncorrected Proof, availabe online from January 2002 (via Science Direct database).1r?Forgionne, G.A.1999!An AHP model of DSS effectiveness95'European Journal of Information Systems8Empirical studies have reported equivocal, or even dysfunctional, results from the use of decision support systems (DSS). Recent examples are the Davis, Kottemann, and Remus production planning experiments. According to the researchers, these experiments demonstrate that Dsss what-if analysis creates an 'illusion of control' that causes users to overestimate its effectiveness. Such experimental findings are contrary to case-supported DSS theory. This paper examines the discrepancy.1176?Watson, H.J. Frolick, M.N.1993/Determining information requirements for an EIS255 MIS Quarterly173`Executive information systems, executive support systems, information requirements determinationSeptember 1993Executive information systems (EISs) are challenging applications to develop, and many organisations are unsuccessful in their efforts. A major problem is determining the information requirements for the system...346M?,Dickson, G.W. Partridge, J.L. Robinson, L.H.1993;Exploring modes of facilitative support for GDSS technology173 MIS Quarterly172bDecision support, electronic meetings, group support systems, group consensus, group facilitation. June 19931The use of group decision support systems (GDSS) is rapidly growing. One key factor in the effectiveness of these systems may be the manner in which users are supported in their use of this technology. This paper explores two types of GDSS facilitative support: chauffer-driven and facilitator driven...2636?Sengupta, K. Te'eni, D.1993>Cognitive feedback in GDSS: Improving control and convergence87 MIS Quarterly171[Group decision making, group decision support systems, group processes, cognitive feedback. March 1993Cognitive feedback in group decision making is information that provides decision makers with a better understanding of their own decision processes and that of the other group members. It appears to be an effective aid in group decision making...2106x?8Tyran, C.K. Dennis, A.R. Vogel, D.R. Nunamaker Jr, J.F.1992HThe application of electronic technology to support strategic management313 MIS Quarterly163Electronic meeting systems, decision support, group decision support, group support systems, strategic decision making, strategic management.September 1992Strategic management is often performed by groups of managers. By improving the communications process of such groups, strategic management might be enhanced. This paper investigates the application of electronic meeting systems technology to support strategic management...2132u?)Watson, H.J, Rainer, Jr, R.K. Koh, C.E.1991\Executive information systems: A framework for development and a survey of current practices13 MIS Quarterly151`Executive information systems, executive support systems, decision support, systems development. March 1991>Executive information systems (EIS) are now successfully providing computer support for senior executives in a growing number of organisations. Previous attempts to support senior executives are discussed with a focus on why these attempts failed and what was learnied that should be incorporated in future efforts...347?3Turoff, M. Hiltz, S.R. Bahgat, A.N.F. Rana, A.R.1993!Distributed group support systems399 MIS Quarterly174\Group decision support systems, computer-mediated communications, computerized conferencing. December 1993Distributed group support systems are likely to be widely used in the future as a means for dispersed groups of people to work together through computer networks. They combine the characteristics of computer-mediated communications systems with the specialized tools and processes developed in the context of group decision support systems, to provide communications, a group memory, and tools and sturcures to coordinate the group process and analyze data.2131?Huang, W. Wei, K.K.1997YTask as a moderator for the effects of group support systems on group influence processes208'European Journal of Information Systems61997This research studied the interacting effects of group support systems (GSS) and task type on small groups. It focused on group influence processes rather than group outcomes, which has been largely neglected in GSS research literature. The results of this research indicated that GSS significantly affected group influence processes: GSS reduced the dominance significance (i.e., the influence dominance) among group members; and it increased the amount of influence behaviour and resulted in a less even influence distribution in intellective task groups, but not in decision-making task groups. Therefore, the findings suggest that task type may play an important role in moderating the GSS effects. An importnat implication of the findings is that organisational GSS users should be careful when they adopt and use GSS to support a variety of tasks. They should carefully examine the characteristics of the various tasks to be performed, and then choose suitable GSS structures to support these tasks.2647u?Sena, J.A. Olson, D.H.1996ADecision support for the administrative man: A prototype DSS case10'European Journal of Information Systems51996In this paper we focus on the practical and conceptual desige factors and implementation features of a prototype decision support system for a typical 'administrative man'. We discuss the parameters and designe principles that we found significant for the creation, inlcusion and visualisation of mental models to aid the change management process for a particular manager. In related research we formulated a prescriptive model for this manager. Using this formulation we created a design for the change management subset of the decision maker's environment. Our goal is to provide a frameworkd that supports decision situations where complexity and vagueness constrain the decision making process.186?Nandhakumar, J.1996ZDesign for success?: Critical success factors in executive information systems development62'European Journal of Information Systems51996Much of the literature on executive information systems (EIS) development provides lists of factors critical to the successful EIS development. This gives only limited insights into the relationship between the success factors and the development process. By drawing on an in-depth study of EIS development in a large manufacturing company, this paper seeks to provide a theoretically-based explanation of the process by which the relationship between key success factors and the EIS development operated. (continued)385?Vetschera, R. Walterscheid, H.1996@The evaluation of managerial support systems in German companies182'European Journal of Information Systems51996The development and evaluation processes of managerial support systems were studiede in a survey of German companies. This paper concentrates on influences between variables within the evaluation process and external factors. (continued)7137?*Tan, B.C.Y. Wei, K-K. Lee-Partridge, J-E.1999`Effects of facilitation and leadership on meeting outcomes in a group support system environment233'European Journal of Information Systems81999This study investigates the effects of facilitation and leadership on outcomes of meetings involving group support systems (GSS). It extends existing GSS literature by examining the critical roles of facilitation and leadership simulataneously within a single study. (continued)2124n?Kock, N.2001XAsynchronous and distributed process improvement: The role of collaborative technologies87Information Systems Journal112Action research, asynchronous group support systems, e-mail conferencing, process improvement, quality improvement, re-engineering April 2001+The recent proliferation of low-cost computer networks has driven the development of a new type of organization, in which geographical and time constraints to collaboration among process teams have been gradually removed. As these organizations have to cope with a fast pace of change, they rely increasingly on distributed and asynchronous process improvement (PI) groups to redesign their processes. Yet little is known about the effects of asynchronous group support systems (GSSs) on PI groups. We investigate the effects of asynchronous GSSs on PI groups through a two-stage action research study of 38 such groups in three organizations, one in Brazil and two in New Zealand, over 4 years and 4 months. Different PI groups voluntarily conducted all, part or none of their communication through an e-mail conferencing (EC) tool. The research suggests that EC support causes a decrease in the organizational costs associated with PI groups, which, combined with an increase in the number of possible simultaneous PI groups, generates an increase in overall organizational PI efficiency. The research also suggests a neutral overall effect of EC support on PI group outcome quality. Two explanatory causal models summarizing these effects are developed, and implications for research and industry practice are discussed.2158n? Davison, R. Vogel, D.2000>Group support systems in Hong Kong: An action research project3Information Systems Journal101YAction research, group support systems, motivation, participation, process interventions. January 2000aThe last dozen years have seen a considerable investment of resources into the research and development of group support systems (GSS) technology. This paper describes how GSS was used to support a process improvement project in a Hong Kong accounting firm. Although the project encountered many difficulties, the application of action research facilitated the adaptation of the GSS to the shifting circumstances, and the project was successfully completed. A variety of lessons concerning the use of GSS are presented, while increased use of action research in complex organizational contexts is recommended.224?%#Edwards, J.S. Duan, Y. Robins, P.C.2000eAn analysis of expert systems for business decision making at different levels and in different roles36'European Journal of Information Systems91 March 2000This paper begins by analysing decision making activities and information requirements at three organizational levels and the characteristics of expert systems (ESs) intended for the two different roles of supporting and replacing a decision maker. (continued)523?&Kivijarvi, H. Zmud, R.W.1992MDSS implementation activities, problem domain characteristics and DSS success159'European Journal of Information Systems23 July 1993This study examines the main and joint effects of DSS implementation activities (design, development, maintenance/use) and selected atrributes (subjectivity, complexity, cricitcality) of the problem domain for which a DSS is being implemented. (continued)1157a?''Jones, J.W. Saunders, C. McLeod Jr, R.1993SMedia usage and velocity in executive information acquisition: An exploratory study260'European Journal of Information Systems24 October 1993{This paper reports on a field study that addresses three important dimensions of information use in decision making: (1) how combinations of information source and medium change over time as executive decision making processes unfold; (2) how the rate of information acquisition affects media selection; and (3) how media usage patterns feed into and out of meetings. (continued)7161?( Lewis, P.J.1991The decision making basis for information systems: The contribution of Vickers' concept of appreciation to a soft systems perspective33'European Journal of Information Systems11 January 1991This paper considers the models of decision making which are used whithin the field of information systems. It argues that although decision making is of great relevance to the study of information systems insufficient attention has been given to the models by which IS professionals understand the process. Hard systems thinking has made a great contibution to IS in providing rational models of decision making, the work of H. A. Simon having been particularly influential; but the simplistic way in which such work is presented in IS texts ignores the role of social and political factors in decision making and imposes constraints in the complex social situations in which real world decision making occurs. (continued)765'?)Cottrell, N. Rapley, K.1991SFactors critical to the success of executive information systems in British Airways65'European Journal of Information Systems11 January 1991SPrevious researchers in the USA and UK have identified the critical success factors involved in implementing executive information systems (EIS). British Airways, which has had a successful EIS for over seven years, has just launched a second generation version. Experience of developing and using the system reinforces some of the earlier findings whilst contradicting others. In particular EIS folklore suggests a weak role for IS staff, whereas the EIS in British Airways has been successfully pioneered by IS staff who have been responsible for developing, implementing and supporting it.336m?*Tan, B.C.Y. Wei, K-K.1995aNational culture and group support systems: Filtering communication to dampen power differentials82'European Journal of Information Systems4The body of group support sytems (GSS) knowledge, which has been accumulated mainly in North America, may not be useful in other countries because theories grounded on one culutre need not necessarily apply in other cultures. To understand better how GSS technology can be successfully applied in a variety of cultures, researchers need to compare GSS effects systematically across different cultures. (continued)2125?+Santhanam, R. Guimaraes, T.1995*Assessing the quality of institutional DSS159'European Journal of Information Systems4UEffectively assessing decision support systems (DSS) quality has long been a difficult challenge to developers and users. Despite the difficulty, the need to justify substantial investments in DSS projects motivates academics and practitioners alike to attempt continuously to improve quality assessment procedures and methods. (continued)1105?, Forte, P.1994NData rich, information poor: Data, information and decision support in the NHS148'European Journal of Information Systems32The need for data and information to meet helath service management objectives has been put into sharp focus as the requirements driven by the 1991 NHS reforms take effect, but this means more than simply gathering appropriate data. There is a shortage of management analytical skills for training and development. Decision support systems can help to overcome that skills gap by assiting in the interpretation of data and providing support for more proactive management. (continued)1196~?-Udo, G.J. Guimaraes, T.19945Empirically assessing factors related to DSS benefits218'European Journal of Information Systems33This paper reports the results of a field study surveying 201 business managers to test the relationship between decision support systems (DSS) benefits and a list of factors expected to affect them. (continued)1133?. Robinson, M.1994;Computer support for meetings: Formalism for local control?259'European Journal of Information Systems34tThis paper considers experience of computer supported meeting environments and decision support systems. (continued)262?/Vandenbosch, B. Higgins, C.1996qInformation acquisisiton and mental models: An investigation into the relationship between behaviour and learning198Information Systems Research72CMental models, learning, focused search, executive support systems. June 1996A cognitive learning perspective is used to develop and test a model of the relationship between information acquisistion and learning in the executive support systems (ESS) context. The model proposes two types of learning: mental models maintenance in which new information fits into exisitng mental models and confirms them; and mental model building in which mental models are changed to accommodate new information. It also proposes that information acquisition objectives determine the type of learning that is possible. When ESS are used to answer specific questions or solve well-defined problems, they help to fine-tune operations and verify assumptions - in other words, they help to maintain current mental models. (continued)3135[?0 Kasper, G.M.1996?A theory of decision support system design for user calibration215Information Systems Research72pDecision support systems, design theory, information systems design, decision confidence calibration, judgement. June 1996?A theory is proposed for designing decision support systems (DSS) so that the confidence a decision maker has in a decision made using the aid equals the quality of that decision. The DSS design theory for user calibration prescribes properties of a DSS needed for users to achieve a perfect calibration. Relevant calibration, decision making, and DSS literatures are synthesized; and rleated behavioural theories are borrowed to identify the properties of expressiveness, visibility, and inquirability as requisite components of the DSS design theory for user calibration.7152?1Roy, M.C. Lerch, F.J.1996COvercoming ineffective mental representations in base-rate problems233Information Systems Research72QBase-rate fallacy, representational aid, mental representation, decision support. June 1996Many biases have been observed in probabilistic reasoning, hindering the ability to follow normative rules in decision-making contexts involving uncertainty. One systematic error people make is to neglect base rates in situations where prior beliefs in a hypothesis should be taken into account when new evidence is obtained. Incomplete explanations for the phenomenon have impeded the development of effective debisising procudeure or tools to support decision making in this area. (continued)1102?2Sharda, R. Steiger, D.M.1996VInductive model analysis systems: Enhancing model analysis in decision support systems328Information Systems Research73aDecision support systems, model management, cognitive science, inductive model analysis, insight.September 1996`After building and validating a decision support model, the decision maker frequently solves (often many times) different instances of the model. That is, by changing various input parameters and rerunning different model instances, the decision maker develops insight(s) into the workings and tradeoffs of the complex system represented by the model.1121?3Sinha, A.P. May, J.H.19963Providing design assistance: A case-based approach363Information Systems Research73mCase-based reasoning, constraint posting, decision support, design assistance, multicriteria decision making.September 1996This paper presents an integrated and comprehensive framework for decision support. A model integrating case-based reasoning with constraint posting and multicriteria decision making is proposed for providing effective and efficient assistance in solving routine design problems. The model is developed based on an analysis of the knowledge acquired from experts in engineering design, and is subsequently operationalized as a computer-based design assistant called IDEA. (continued)11205?4Wheeler, B.C. Valacich, J.S.1996Facilitation, GSS, and training as sources of process restrictiveness and guidance for structured group decision making: An empirical assessment429Information Systems Research74kGroup decision support systems, group decision making, facilitation, structuration theory, restrictiveness. December 1996Structured decision techniques have been a mainstay of prescriptive decision theory for decades. Group Support Systems (GSSs) automate many of the features found in decision techniques, yet groups often choose to ignore both the technique and the technology in favor of more familiar decision processes. This research empirically tests propositions and hypotheses for a specific instantiation of Adaptive Structuration Theory. (continued)251?54Dennis, A.R. Valacich, J.S. Connolly, T. Wynne, B.E.1996/Process structuring in electronic brainstorming268Information systems Research72OGroup support systems, GSS, electronic brainstorming, decomposition, structure. June 1996 One aspect of brainstorming that has recieved little research attention is how the brainstorming problem should be presented to the group, whether as one all-encompassing question or as a series of separate questions each focusing on one aspect of the problem. This paper reports the results of two experiments in which subjects (MBAs in the first, senior executives in the second) electronically brainstormed on intact problems (where three subcategories of the problem were sequentially posed to the groups.) (continued)2700_?6Todd, P. Benbasat, I.1999TEvaluating the impact of DSS, cognitive effort, and incentives on strategy selection356Information Systems Research104TDecision support systems, cognitive effort, financial incentives, decision strategy. December 1999;Decision support system (DSS) researchers have long debated whether or not the provision of a DSS would lead to greater decision-making effectiveness, efficiency, or both. The work described in this paper examines how DSS designers can guide users towards employing more normative decision strategies. (continued)1218?7,Griffith, T.L. Fuller, M.A. Northcraft, G.B.1998OFacilitator influence in group support systems: Intended and unintended effects20Information Systems Research91uFacilitation, group support systems, electronic meeting systems, groups, power organisations, sociotechnical systems. March 1998>This paper addresses facilitation, a developing area of Group Support Systems (GSS) research. The facilitator role is one of improving a group's communication and information flow; facililators are meant to enhance the manner in which a group makes decisions without making those decisions for the group. (continued)2639?8Limayem, M. DeSanctis, G.2000IProviding decisional guidance for multicriteria decision making in groups386Information Systems Research114mDecision support, group decision support, multicriteria decision making, user interface, intelligent systems. December 2000Intelligent user interfaces, particularly in interactive group settings, can be based on system explanations that guide model building, application, and interpretation. Here we extend Silver's (1990,1991) conceptualization of decisional guidance and the theory of breakpoints in group interaction to operationalize feedback and feedforward for a complex multicriteria modeling system operating within a group decision support system context. (continued)259A?9Todd, P. Benbasat, I.1991iAn experimental investigation of the impact of computer based decision aids on decision making strategies87Information Systems Research22LDecision support systems, decision processes, cognitive cost-benefit theory. June 1991Although Decision Support Systems (DSSs) have been in use since the early seventies, there is as yet no strong theoretical base for predicting how a DSS will influence decision making. Furthermore, the findings of various empirical studies on the outcomes of DSS use are often contradictory. Consequently, there is a need in the Decision Support Systems field for theories or explanatory models to formulate hypotheses, to conduct research in a a directed, parsimonious manner and to interpret findings in a coherent way. (continued)15tF?:(Watson, H.J. Goodhue, D.L. Wixom, B.H.2001TThe benefits of data warehousing: Why some organizations realize exceptional payoffsInformation & Management:Data warehousing, benefits, organisational transformation.May 2001NData warehousing is one of the key developments in the information systems (IS) field. While its benefits are plentiful, some organizations are receiving more significant returns than others. The types of returns can vary in the impact they have on the organization and the ease in which they can be quantified and measured. This article presents a framework that shows ho data warehouses can transform an organization; it also offers a compelling explanation for why differences in impact exist. Case studies of data warehousing initiatives at a large manufacturing company (LMC), the internal revenue service, and a financial services company (FSC) are presented and discussed within the context of the framework. The analysis shows that the benefits that each company received can be tied to the way in whixh it conforms to the framework.4 Uncorected proof, available from45?;Kock, N, McQueen, R.1997[A field study of the effects of asychronous groupware support on process improvement groups245!Journal of Information Technology12Process improvement (PI) groups have been among the main change instruments of widely adopted and publicised organisational development approaches such as total qulaity management and business process re-engineering. Asynchronous groupware tools, such as electronic messaging systems, have found widespread use in organisations yet very little field research exists on how PI groups are affected by such tools. We try to fill this gap with a field study of the effects of asynchronous groupware support on seven PI groups in two New Zealand organisations. Our study indicates that, while not having perceived as increasing process adoption, hierarachy suppression, departmental heterogeneity and contribution length and decreasing discussion duration, cost and interaction in PI groups. We argue that, b ased on these findings, the use of asychronous groupware tools is likely to be beneficial in PI projects, particularly where a large number of PI groups proposing incremental process changes is conducted.2159?<Bussen, W. Myers, M.D.1997>Executive information system failure: a New Zealand case study145!Journal of Information Technology12It is well known that executive information systems (EIS) are high risk systems to implement and maintain. Factor research is the most commonly used framework for studying the causes of EIS failure yet there is no conclusive evidence that the factors suggested in the information systems (IS) research literature ensure system success. This paper reports on a case study of a failed EIS in a large New Zealand organization and compares this case with the success factors found in the research lieterature. One of the findings is that the broader issues surrounding the failure were more significant than the more narrowly focused factors suggested by the factor research approach. These broader issues include the social, cultural, political and economic context of the system as a whole. Another finding was that many of these broader contextual issues were not directly controllable by the EIS project team. This paper will have implications for all those who have to develop or are involved with the development of EIS.337?=Finnegan, P. O'Mahony, L.1996hGroup problem solving and decision making: an investigation of the process and the supporting technology211!Journal of Information Technology11 A major problem facing the development of technological support for groups is that many studies investigate group technology in isolation from an analysis of group activity, or focus only on discrete aspects of the process. This paper presents the findings of a study that investigated the nature and extent of group decision making and the use of group supporting technology in Irish organisations. The paper presents a model of group decision making and examines group processes and activities as well as the use of technology at each stage. The findings indicate that group decision making is a widespread phenomenon, which was found to be far more complicated than individual decision making. However, groups were found to need a great deal of control and cooordination to enable members to collaborate effectively. Nevertheless, group decision making was found to receive little technological support. The available technology provided only low level support which mainly focused on supporting the asychronous work of groups.2623?>Nandhakumar, J.1996QExecutive information system development: A case study of a manufacturing company199!Journal of Information Technology11Despite the widespread adoption of Excecutive Information Systems (EIS) and their increasing importance in organizations, the process of their development is not well understood. The mainstream EIS literature tends to report success stories of EIS in the organisations studied and attribute this to a pre-planned rational process of origin and design of EIS. In this paper, a case study of the EIS development process in a manufacturing company is used to critique this rational view and to illustrate the applicability of an alternative perspective based on an organisational behavioural model. This paper suggests that greater recognition of the social nature of the process of IS development is necessary to understand how systems projects may be better managed.38??Ho, S. Pike, R.1996TComputer decision support for capital budgeting: some empirical findings of practice119!Journal of Information Technology11While recent surveys suggest that capital budgeting systems in business organisations continue to become more formalized and sophisticated, a constraint on the use of sophisticated captial budgeting techniques seems to be the degree of support provided by firms' capital budgeting information systems (CABIS). This paper, based on a survey of 146 large firms, outlines the current status of CABIS and their usage pattern. It was found that although two-thirds of sample firms have specific computer application systems for capital budgeting, most CABIS arfe relatively unsophisticated and less than adequate in providing the information and decision support capabilities required to use sophisticated capital budgeting techniques effectively. (continued)1172?@Nah, F. Mao. J. Benbasat, I.1999cThe effectiveness of expert support technology for decision making: Individuals versus small groups137!Journal of Information Technology14Expert support systems (ESSs) are increasingly used in organisations to support individuals and groups in decision making. Although ESSs have been shown to enhance the decision making capabilities of individuals, their benefits in supporting group decision making are less clear. To the best of our knowledge, no empirical research has evaluated the effectiveness of the technology in the group setting or compared its usefulness for supporting individual versus group decision making. The results of this research sho that ESSs benefit decision making of both individuals and groups and novices are able to gain more from ESSs than experts. The findings also suggest that groups outperform individuals in both with and without ESS support settings.278.?A!Tarantilis, C.D. Kiranoudis, C.T.2002OUsing a spatial decision support system for solving the vehicle routing problem359Information & Management395rGeographical information systems, spatial decision support systems, vehicle routing problem, logistics management. March 2002Recent technological advances in Operational Research and Information Technology have enabled the development of high quality spatial decision support systems (SDSS). They constitute a new scientific area of information systems applications developed to support semi-structured or unstructured decisions, paying much attention to the spatial dimension of data to be analyzed, such as the location and shape of, and relationships among, geographic features. This paper presents a SDSS to coordinate and disseminate tasks and related information for solving the vehicle routing problem (VRP) using a metaheuristic method termed: backtracking adaptive threshold accepting (BATA). Its architecture involves an integrated framework of geographical information system (GIS) and a relational database management system (RDBMS) equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. The SDSS was developed for Windows 98 platforms, focusing on the detailed road network of Athens.1126?BBatenburg, R.S. Bongers, F.J.2001EThe role of GSS in participatory policy analysis: A field experiment.15Information & Management391nParticipatory policy analysis, group support systems, GroupSystem, citizen panel, field experiment, evualtion.This paper describes a rare opportunity for a field experiment; in this, several forms of evaluation were combined into a (quasi) experimental evaluation design. Two matched and randomized groups of citizens engaged in a debate on the future of their city (`s-Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands) were studied during four meetings of a participatory policy exercise. The intent of our experiment was to test whether the use of a GSS had a positive effect on the quality of the group processes and the quality of group results. We found that process facilitation and time effects have more influence on group processes and outcomes than did the use of a GSS.228?CFazlollahi, B. Vahidov, R.2001NExtending the effectiveness of simulation-based DSS through genetic algorithms53Information & Management391_Decision support systems, simulation, genetic algorithms, fuzzy sets, marketing mix management. November 2001Many real life ill-structured problems involve high uncertainty and complexity preventing application of analytical optimization techniques in building effective decision support systems (DSS). These systems may employ simulation method and search for a "good" solution through "what-if" analysis. However, this method is very time consuming and often overlooks the consideration of many promising alternative solutions. A genetic algorithm (GA) automates the search for "good" solutions by finding near-optimal solutions and increases effectiveness of DSS. This paper introduces a hybrid method based on the combination of Monte-Carlo simulation and genetic algorithms. The combined method is illustrated through application to the marketing mix problem to improve the process for searching and evaluating alternatives for decisional support. The paper compares two methods: MC and MC+GA. It also discusses ways for dealing with crisp and soft constraints contained in the example problem. A business game environment is chosen for experiments. The results of the experiments show that the GA-based approach outperforms human "what-if" method in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.1209q?D,Chen, L. Soliman, K.S. Mao, E. Frolick, M.N.2000GMeasuring user satisfaction with data warehouses: An exploratory study.103Information & Management373LData warehousing, end-user computing, information center, user satisfaction. April 2000TData warehouses are users driven; that is, they allow end-users to be in control of the data. As user satisfaction is commonly acknowledged as the most useful measurement of system success, we identify the underlying factors of end-user satisfaction with data warehouses and develop an instrument to measure these factors. The study demonstrates that most of the items in classic end-user satisfaction measure are still valid in the data warehouse environment, and that end-user satisfaction with data warehouses depends heavily on the roles and performance of organizational information centers.425-?EHuang, W. Wei, K.K. Tan, B.C.Y.19990Compensating effects of GSS on group performance195Information & Management354RGroup support systems, task type, group decision process, group decision outcomes. April 1999-A GSS often fails to aid in providing group consensus and user satisfaction. To understand the reasons behind this lack of impact, we investigated the issue from an influence-process perspective. The independent variables manipulated were support (GSS vs. face-to-face) and task type (intellective vs. preference). The dependent variables measured were three process variables (informational influence, normative influence, and influence distribution) and three outcome variables (group consensus, decision satisfaction, and decision process satisfaction). The findings suggest that the lack of impact of GSS on decision-making groups may be due to their compensating effects. With the preference task, the use of GSS led to a more even influence distribution; this should improve group decision outcomes. But the use of GSS was also found to attenuate normative influence; this should negatively affect group decision outcomes. For an intellective task, the use of GSS resulted in an uneven distribution of influence; this should negatively affect group decision outcomes. But the use of GSS also amplified informational influence; this should enhance group decision outcomes. Collectively, such compensating effects of a GSS may explain why a lack of GSS impact on group decision outcomes has been observed in many studies.2727C?FMirchandani, D. Pakath, R.1999*Four models for a decision support system.31Information & Management351Symbiotic DSSs, expert systems, holistic DSSs, adaptive DSSs, knowledge oriented view, static systems, dynamic systems, non-adaptive systems, relative assessment. January 1999We examine four decision support system (DSS) models ¯ the Symbiotic, Expert, Holistic, and Adaptive ¯ and distinguish them in terms of the impact of their knowledge management styles on their problem-processing behavior. We draw upon existing notions of knowledge types and their management to develop a knowledge-oriented view. We use it to categorize the models as being either Static or Dynamic. From this perspective, the Holistic DSS may be regarded as being the most advanced, as it postulates holistic problem recognition and processing capabilities. While progress has been made on digitally simulating holistic recognition, much remains to be done in developing practical processors and truly holistic systems that couple such processors and recognizers.787#?GKoh, C.E. Watson, H.J.19980Data management in executive information systems301Information & Management336JExecutive information systems, executive support systems, data management. June 19984Data management is important in developing and maintaining executive information systems (EISs). An EIS can fail due to the lack of an adequate data infrastructure for this `data intensive' application. From the literature, discussions with developers, consulting experiences, and eight case studies, a set of key data management issues were identified. Three ¯ data security, ownership, and standards ¯ were further studied, using survey data collected from 85 organizations. Canonical correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between these issues and potentially related variables. The breadth and depth of information provided were found to be correlated with the difficulty of the issues. The degree of support from key individuals was also found to be correlated with the level of difficulty.3637?HHuang, A.H. Windsor, J.C.1998@An empirical assessment of a multimedia executive support system251Information & Management335Multimedia, management information systems, executive support systems, executive information systems, user interface, presentation format, animation, sound annotation, information analysis, experimental design.May 1998An experiment was conducted to assess the use of `Multimedia' in ESS (executive support system) and its potential impact on the effectiveness of information analysis. Data was collected from 40 managers and/or professional employees in three business organizations. The primary task was to analyze information, stored in an ESS prototype, in order to identify some possible threats and opportunities. The results of the study suggest that multimedia may not be an appropriate presentation format for analytical tasks. Managers and professional employees who used a multimedia ESS identified fewer threats and opportunities than those who used a text-based system. Contrary to the results of several previous studies, the use of multimedia did not improve information retention. During the post-experiment interview, subjects indicated that the use of sound annotations had adversely affected their ability to analyze information. They also suggested that some multimedia components, such as animated charts or animated text blocks, were unnecessary.3177?I'Shirani, A. Aiken, M. Paolillo, J.G.P.19987Group decision support systems and incentive structures231Information & Management335EGroup support systems, incentives, electronic meetings, brainwriting.May 1998Many studies have compared the advantages and disadvantages of meetings using Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS), but relatively little research has been conducted on the role of incentives in these meetings. An experiment was conducted with 40 eight-person groups to determine the influence of incentive distribution mode (group or individual) and incentive type (positive or negative) on GDSS outcomes. Results indicate that group performance, including task performance, consensus, process satisfaction, and participation, is higher if there are group-based incentives, and that negative incentives or extinction result in more participation and less satisfaction. No interaction effects were found between incentive distribution mode and incentive type.2122i?J&Tavana, M. Chung, Q.B. Kennedy, D.T.19987Rho: A decision support system for pricing in law firms155Information & Management333^Decision support systems, model management systems, optimization model, law firms, legal fees. January 1998MThere is no single schedule of legal fees and the way they are calculated; a rational model of fee determination is acutely needed. This paper presents a decision support system called Rho that allows the user to enter the internal and external data into a set of decision models to determine the strategic pricing for law firms. The paper describes the main features of the system, the optimization model that plays a critical role in the decision process, an illustration of how the system was applied in a real setting, an assessment of the proposed approach and future research issues.11277?KCSubramanian, A. Smith, D. Nelson, A.C. Campbell, J.F. Bird, D.A.1997'Strategic planning for data warehousing99Information & Management332EManagement information systems, strategic planning, data warehousing. December 1997'In the course of a major strategic planning exercise for a large municipal government, data warehousing emerged as a tactic for consolidating and sharing information among many City departments with different informational needs and a variety of computing platforms. In this paper, we describe processes and analytical methods for shaping a data warehousing strategy and for determining the contents of the data warehouse. We also present some cautionary conclusions about the development of monolithic data warehouses to serve an entire organization.4114?LWalstrom, K.A Wilson, R.L.1997:An examination of executive information system (EIS) users75Information & Management322FExecutive information systems, EIS, end-user, user types, field study.FebruaryPrevious literature in the executive information systems (EIS) area has proposed the existence of four functional types of EIS. Starting with these, the purpose of this study was to modify or develop an EIS user taxonomy by querying 98 of the Corporate 1000 CEOs on the ways in which they used their EIS. These were then grouped and compared with the proposed EIS functions. The findings indicated three EIS user types whom we have termed: (1) `converts,' (2) `pacesetters,' and (3) `analyzers.' Further investigation revealed three dimensions underlying these types: (1) organizational monitoring; (2) information access; and (3) organizational understanding.344?M3Igbaria, M. Sprague Jr, R.H. Basnet, C. Foulds, L.1996:The impact and benefits of a DSS: The case of FleetManager215Information & Management314lBusiness performance, decision support system, impact, milk tanker routing, New Zealand, vehicle scheduling. December 1996A DSS used for vehicle routing at the Westland Co-operative Dairy Company Ltd., New Zealand, is providing a spectrum of benefits and business values. Labor hours, required by the schedulers, have been significantly reduced; the schedules they develop are more efficient, the number of truck drivers has been reduced even though the volume of the traffic is increasing, and the Transport Office has a greater flexibility and higher morale. The system includes powerful tools to plan schedules, choose plans, generate alternative plans, and assess alternative plans with respect to the given criteria. The system also allows the scheduler to create routes automatically, minimize the total distance traveled, and manually modify routes created by a model. It also has several classic characteristics that are too seldom actually realized: it leverages the judgment of the DSS user; it has evolved over time through an iterative development process and is being adapted for use in another company. Taken together, these benefits and attributes make the system a rare example of a successful DSS that can provide guidance for the development of other systems in the important problem domain of vehicle routing.1170?NVlahos, G.E. Ferratt, T.W.1995uInformation technology use by managers in Greece to support decision making: Amount perceived value, and satisfaction305Information & Management296Decision making, managers, information technology use, Greece, Europe, managerial work, information technology value, information satisfaction, mental models, decision support, excecutive information systems, computer use. December 1995This study developed a profile of managers of corporations in Greece, focusing on the amount of IT use and the value of and satisfaction with computer-based information (CBI) in making decisions on planning, controlling, and operating. A detailed descriptive analysis of survey responses indicated that: (1) these managers used information technology (IT) as a valuable, everyday tool; (2) of Mintzberg's four decision roles, respondents rated the value of CBI highest for the resource allocator role; (3) all levels of management rated CBI the highest in supporting the evaluation step in decision making; (4) the highest use of CBI was for short-term decisions; (5) computer-based information systems (CBIS) were more valuable to the manager's mental model for guiding planning, controlling, and operating decisions than for forming or revising the manager's mental model of the corporation; and (6) first line supervisors and information systems (IS) managers were most satisfied with CBIS.7138^?OYoung, D. Watson, H.J.1995Determinates of EIS acceptance153Information & Management293ZExecutive information systems, information system's features, information systems support.September 1995mThe large number of organizations developing executive information systems (EISs) highlights the importance of understanding why executives use these systems. This survey investigated how ease of use, the number of features, and support staff characteristics are related to EIS acceptance. Acceptance was measured by the percentage of the targeted users who incorporate the EIS into their daily routine. High usage was not associated with ease of use, a large number of features, or the staff being physically close to the users. However, rapid development time was positively correlated with acceptance. Higher numbers of available features were associated with larger support staffs and larger user groups. The number of users was positively correlated with both staff size and EIS age. Existing EISs place a stronger emphasis on reporting internal rather than external data.356?PNord, J.H. Nord, G.D.1995?Executive information systems: A study and comparative analysis95Information & Management292SExecutive information systems, executive support systems, decision support systems. August 1995Decision support software designed to meet specific needs of executives is referred to as an Executive Information System (EIS). This provides a means for information to be accessed, created, and analyzed-on-demand by high-level executives using personal computers, local area networks, minicomputers, or a centralized mainframe. Executive decisions are generally broad and based, to a large extent, on intuition. These characteristics are reflected in the executive decision-making environment, which is itself characterized by a lack of structure, a high degree of uncertainty, a future orientation, informal sources, and a low level of detail. Executive Information Systems can directly aid and support some business decisions. Strategic-planning capabilities, an external environment focus, ease of learning and use, and custom tailoring to meet the unique needs of individual executives are common properties of Executive Information Systems. This paper reports the findings of a study of executives in major U.S. corporations regarding the status, trends, benefits, and plans for future development of Executive Information Systems. A comparative analysis of user satisfaction and specific issues associated with the leading EIS Systems is also presented.383[?QPalvia, S.C. Chervany, N.L.1995\An experimental investigation of factors influencing predicted success in DSS implementation43Information & Management291Decision support system, implementation, scenarios, unfreezing, moving, refreezing, project champion, change reversibility, predicted success, resistance to change. July 1995This paper describes the results of an experiment that examined the effects of four factors hypothesized to influence the predicted success at various stages of the implementation of a proposed Decision Support System (DSS). The setting for the experiment was the development of an interactive financial budget planning and expense tracking system. The experiment was framed using two basic models: the three-stage change process comprising unfreezing, moving, and refreezing; and second, a model for the management of technological change. The four factors studied were: (a) the time allowed for completion of the systems development and implementation effort; (b) the presence or absence of a champion; (c) the ease with which the managerial change required by the proposed system could be reversed; and (d) the level of success in the preceding stage or stages of the change process. The subjects were mid-level managers and staff attending evening MBA classes at the University of Minnesota.191h?R Wagner, C.1995%Decision support for "messy" problems393Information & Management286gDecision support system, domain knowledge, expertise, expert sytem, problem solving, problem structure. June 1995uProblems that are non-quantitative and not bound to a narrow knowledge domain have been served unsatisfactorily by decision support and expert systems. Alternative techniques that address this type of problem are explained here using two key concepts: problem type dependent process support and domain related knowledge. Process support refers to the program steps and the data items useful in finding the solution. Domain related knowledge is knowledge drawn from a specific domain, yet through abstraction applicable to a wider range of problems. Results of preliminary empirical analyses suggest that both concepts are useful.143?SVetschera, R. Walterscheid, H.1995MA process-oriented framework for the evaluation of managerial support systems197Information & Management283FDecision support systems, evaluation, decision processes, fault trees. March 1995A new method of evaluating the benefits of decision-oriented information systems is proposed. This method is based on a detailed analysis of decision processes. Using prescriptive decision theory, correct results are established for different sub-phases of the process and possible deviations from these results are analyzed. Systems are then evaluated according to their contribution to the elimination of such errors.7136Y?THawk, S.R. Bariff, M.L.1995>An examination of organizational strategies for supporting DSS77Information & Management282bDecision support systems, (DSS), DSS groups, managing DSS, end-user computing, information center. February 1995ADecision support systems (DSS) are widely used by managers to provide problem solving assistance. Despite their widespread use, little is known about how organizations support DSS users. This paper discusses support practices that are thought to affect DSS groups' ability to provide support services, and reports on a field study that sought to identify the support characteristics of a sample of groups. This study also investigated differences among groups that were placed in different organizational locations. Managers of twenty-three DSS groups were interviewed to provide information on group organizational location, staff-to-user ratio, staff backgrounds, formalization, and other support characteristics. The results suggest that DSS groups generally follow some of the recommendations found in the literature with respect to their management while disregarding others. The support characteristics also tend to vary when comparing groups across organizational locations, suggesting that certain strengths and limitations may be associated with organizational support strategies.1183 ?U Kiang, M.Y. Chi, R.T. Tam, K.Y.19939DKAS: A distributed knowledge acquisition system in a DSS59)Journal of Management Information Systems94]Portfolia management, performance evaluation, decision support systems, comparative analysis. Spring, 1993Knowledge acquisition is the process of accumulating new information and relating it to what is already known. Knowledge acquisition has been regarded as the bottleneck in knowledge-based systems development. A distributed knowledge acquisition system (DKAS) is introduced for automating decision rules construction from a set of examples in a decision support system (DSS). DKAS has the potential to include various learning mechanisms and employs a multiagent and parallel processing paradigm. The implementation of a DKAS integrates inductive and deductive learning methods that use different learning strategies. A stock selection problem is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of DKAS in solving classification type problems. The performance of the DKAS in portfolio management is compared to the performance of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Standards & Poor's (S&P) 500. The results indicate that the rules derived from using the DKAS outperform both the NYSE and the S&P 500.5197?VLeidner, D.E. Elam, J.J.1993HExecutive information systems: Their impact on executive decision making139)Journal of Management Information Systems103Statistical analysis, problem solving, management decisions, executive information systems, decision support systems, decision making.Winter 1993 - 1994/An executive information system (EIS) is a computer-based information system designed to provide senior managers access to information relevant to their management activities. With such trends as globalization and intense competition increasing the importance of fast and accurate decision making, the use of these systems by executives may become a particularly important component of their decision-making behavior. Previous research on EIS has focused on descriptive studies of how and why EIS are used. The research presented empirically examines the effects of EIS use on aspects of the decision-making process by surveying 46 executive users of EIS. The frequency and duration of EIS use are shown to increase problem identification speed, decision-making speed, and the extent of analysis in decision making.368?W&Belardo, S. Duchessi, P. Coleman, J.R.19943A strategic decision support system at Orell Fussli135)Journal of Management Information Systems104NStrategic planning, printing industry, decision support systems, case studies. Spring 1994Strategic decision support systems (DSS) are one means of helping managers understand strategy and its implications. Strategic DSS contain many general DSS features and are intended for senior managers. There is ongoing development of a strategic DSS for the Banknotes and Securities Division of Orell Fussli, a Swiss printing company. The system incorporates conceptual models and provides explanations, cases, and guidance on how to use the models effectively. It helps train managers in strategic concepts and facilitates strategic thinking. It has been used to help develop and validate product-market strategies. The system is menu-driven and consists of 3 major sections: 1. tools, 2. tutorial, and 3. application. The application section consists of 2 stages (product-market analysis and product-market implementation analysis) and 6 steps that require both system and user participation.1143<?XChen, M.1995A model-driven approach to accessing managerial information: The development of a repository-based executive information system33)Journal of Management Information Systems114qSystems development, studies, prototypes, executive information systems, decision making models, data warehouses. Spring, 1995Most executive information systems (EIS) are focusing on the delivery of information to executives on line. Clicking on icons or command buttons, executives can browse through a series of screens of tabular or graphical information organized in a hierarchical structure. There is, however, no underlying model to guide the navigation of the diverse data and applications used by executives. A repository-based and model-driven EIS that captures integrated organization and information system (IOIS) models of an enterprise is therefore needed. A prototype system, called Repository-based Executive Information System (R-EIS), designed to integrate instead of replacing various existing application systems to support managerial information delivery, is presented. This integrated IOIS model can be used directly by executives to assist them in navigating a model from a business perspective in order to gain access to applications and information to support their decision making.319?YDBriggs, R.O. Adkins, M. Mittleman, J.K. Miller, S. Nunamker Jr, J.F.1998dA technology transition model derived from field investigation of GSS use aboard the U.S.S. CORONADO151)Journal of Management Information Systems153Electronic meeting systems technology adoption, field studies, group support systems, qualitative research, technology acceptance, technology diffusion, technology transition, Technology Transistion Model.Winter 1998 -1999There are several thousand group support systems (GSS) installations worldwide, and, while the number is growing, GSS has not yet achieved critical mass. This study presents a 32-month qualitative field investigation of an effort to introduce GSS into the daily work of the staff of the US Navy's Commander, Third Fleet. Using the principles of action research, the project began with interventions based on the precepts of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The goal of the interventions was to engender sufficient acceptance for GSS to create a self-sustaining, growing community of GSS users. This study presents TAM, then argues the proposition of the Technology Transition Model. It then presents background information about Third Fleet, and describes critical incidents in the transition effort that gave rise to the model. It summarizes the lessons learned in the field by comparing the differing transition trajectories among Fleet staff segments in light of the model.276?Z Steiger, D.M.1998]Enhancing user understanding in a decision support system: A theoretical basis and framework.199)Journal of Management Information Systems152artificial intelligence, decision support systems, design theory, model analysis, model management systems, post-optimality analysis, sensitivity analysis, theory of understanding. Fall 19986The primary purpose of decision support systems (DSS) is to help the decision maker develop an understanding of the ill-structured, complex environment represented by the model. The modeled environment is examined through model analysis. Specifically, a framework for model analysis is proposed which is based on Perkins's theory of understanding, its basic premise (knowledge as design) and basic components (purpose, models, and arguments). This framework encourages enhanced user understanding in a DSS via the synergistic combination and integration of: 1. cognitive science (theory of understanding), 2. artificial intelligence (machine learning, knowledge extraction, and expert systems), 3. model analysis (deductive and inductive), and 4. DSS (model management, instance management, and knowledge-base management).1112`?['Spangler, W.E. May, J.H. Vargas, L.G.1999Choosing data-mining methods for multiple classification: Representational and performance measurement implications for decision support.37)Journal of Management Information Systems161ldata mining, decision support systems, decision tree induction, neural networks, statistical classification. Summer 1999Data-mining techniques are designed for classification problems in which each observation is a member of one and only one category. Ten data representations are formulated that could be used to extend those methods to problems in which observations may be full members of multiple categories. An audit matrix methodology for evaluating the performance of three popular data-mining techniques - linear discriminant analysis, neural networks, and decision tree induction - is proposed using the representations that each technique can accommodate. The approach is then empirically tested on an actual surgical data set. Tree induction gives the lowest rate of false positive predictions, and a version of discriminant analysis yields the lowest rate of false negatives for multiple category problems, but neural networks give the best overall results for the largest multiple classification cases. There is substantial room for improvement in overall performance for all techniques.5111?] Barkhi, R.2001NThe effects of decision guidance and problem modeling on group decision-making259)Journal of Management Information Systems183Mgroup decision support systems, human-computer interaction, problem modeling.Winter 2001 -2002Despite the advances in group decision support system (GDSS) research, few GDSS studies concentrate on problem-modeling tools to support decisions that cross boundaries of functional areas within the business. These decisions have a substantial effect on the profitability of the firm and account for much time and effort of senior management. This research investigates the effect of problem structuring and modeling with a GDSS on coordinated decision-making of managers in a group faced with a mixed-motive production-planning task. In a laboratory experiment, a GDSS with features supporting problem modeling is contrasted with a GDSS without such features.2145?^Fazlollahi, B. Vahidov, R.2001CA method for generation of alternatives by decision support systems229)Journal of Management Information Systems182\alternative generation, decision support systems, genetic algorithms, marketing mix problem. Fall 2001nAn essential feature of active decision support systems (DSS) is the ability to take the initiative in performing decision-related tasks. One possibility for providing active high level decision support is through facilitating alternative generation in DSS. The method proposed enables the generation of several diverse alternatives in a single run. The method relies on the principles of effective problem-solving/decision-making and facilitates divergent processes, the separation of alternative generation from evaluation, as well as the diminishing of human cognitive biases. A hybrid DSS based on genetic algorithms and fuzzy sets is used to operationalize the approach. The paper outlines the design requirements for alternative generation in DSS and discusses the inadequacies of the what-if simulation and traditional optimization methods in light of these requirements.1174?x"Lim, K.H. Benbasat, I. Ward, L.M.20008The role of multimedia in changing first impression bias115Information Systems Research112 June 2000First impression bias refers to a limitation of human information processing in which people are strongly influenced by the first piece of information that they are exposed to, and that they are biased in evaluating subsequent information in the direction of the initial influence. The psychology literature has portrayed first impression bias as a virtually 'inherent' human bias. Drawing from multimedia literature, this study identifies several characteristics of multimedia presentations that have the potential to alleviate first impression bias. Based on this literature, a set of predictions was generated and tested through a laboratory experiment using a simulated multimedia intranet. (continued)11092P?|Blattberg, R.C. Hoch, S.J.1990DDatabase models and managerial intuition: 50% model and 50% manager.887Management Science368AForecasting, decision making, expertise, decision support systems1990_We focus on ways of combining simple database models with managerial intuition. We present a model and method for isolating managerial intuition. For five different business forecasting situations, our results indicate that a combination of model and manager always outperforms either of these decision inputs in isolation, an average R2 increase of 0.09 (16%) above the best single decision input in cross-validated model analyses. We assess the validity of an equal weighting heuristic, 50% model and 50% manager, and then discuss why our results might differ from previous research on expert judgment.132M?}(Connolly, T. Jessup, L.M. Valacich, J.S.1990WEffects of anonymity and evaluative tone on idea generation in computer-mediated groups689Management Science366lanonymity, evaluative tone, group problem solving, group decision support system, electronic meeting system.1990A laboratory experiment was used to evaluated the effects of anonymity and evaluative tone on computer-mediated groups using a group decision support system to perform an idea-generation task. Evaluative tone was manipulated through a confederate group member who entered supportive or critical comments into the automated brainstorming system. Groups working anonymously and with a critical confederate produced the greatest number or original solutions and overall comments, yet average solution quality per item and average solution rarity were not different across conditions. Identified groups working with a supportive confederate were the most satisfied and had the highest level of perceived effectiveness, but produced the fewest original solutions and overall comments.2674H?~"Rao Srinivasan, V. Jarvenpaa, S.L.1991AComputer support of groups: Theory-based models for GDSS research1347Management Science3710ncommunications, minority influence, human information processing, group decision support, contingency modeling1991"Empirical research in the area of computer support of groups is characterized by inconsistent results across studies. This paper attempts to reconcile the inconsistencies by linking the ad hoc reasoning in the studies to existing theories of communication, minority influence and human information processing. Contingency models are then presented based on the theories discussed. The paper concludes by discussing the linkages between the current work and other recently published integrations of empirical GDSS research and theories of GDSS.2117?<Nunamaker Jr, J.F. Dennis, A.R. Valacich, J.S. Vogel, D.R.1991QInformation technology for negotiating groups: Generating options for mutual gain1325Management Science3710YNegotiation, group decision support, GDSS, generating options, electronic meeting systems1991The study of negotiating groups, whether distributive between competing parties (ie. "win-lose") or integrative between essentially friendly parties from the same organization (ie. "win-win") remains important. While much previous research in this area has focused on key analytical issues such as evaluating proposed options, much less research has addressed the equally important initial stage of negotiation: generating options for mutual gain. In general, groups do this poorly, as there are many obsatcles that inhibit successful option generation. Recent advances in computer techonology provide additional approaches that can be used to support option generation as one component in an overall Negotiation Support System. This paper presents an ingegrated series of laboratory and field studies that investigated various aspects of computer-supported option generation for groups that meet at the same place and time. The use of anonymity to separate personalitites from the issues and promote more objective evaluation was found to improve option generation in some circumstances, particularly those with incrfeased criticalness and / or power differences among the participants. (continued)277?%Poole, M.S. Holmes, M. DeScantis, G.1991?Conflict management in a computer-supported meeting environment926Management Science378Tconflict management, group decision support systems, decision making, group dynamics1991Computer systems to support decision-making, planning, and negotiation in groups have the potential for wide-ranging application. However, knowledge of their effects is sparse, particularly for difficult situations such as group conflict. This study reports a laboratory experiment to examine how a general purpose groupd decision support system (GDSS) influenced conflict management in small groups making a budget allocation decision. (continued)2116W?Mennecke, B.E. Valacich, J.S.1998Information is what you make of it: The influence of group history and computer support on information sharing, decision quality, and member perceptions173)Journal of Management Information Systems152Sdecision-group history, group cohesion, group support systems, information sharing.1998Researchers have proposed that the contradictions observed between past group support system (GDSS) laboratory and field research may be partially accounted for by the ad hoc nature of groups that are often used in the laboratory. To examine this, a laboratory experiment examining the influence of group history (ie. established versus ad-hoc groups) and the level of computer support (ie. communicating via a computer-mediated system versus face-to-face) was conducted. (continued)272?Adam, F. Murphy, C.1995PInformation flows amongst executives: Their implications for systems development341(Journal of Strategic Information Systems44cinformation flows, communication, decision making, executive support systems, strategic information1995Senior managers have tended to resist the incursion into their personal domain of computer systems meant for their use. Their main criticism is that technical solutions are being imposed on them without an adequate analysis of the problems at hand. This suggests that the way in which executives obtain and exchange information may not be adequately understood. With the help of a framework designed to identify top executives' networks of information flows, the study reproted in this paper analysed the information practices of 16 executives from four organizations. The findings of the research indicated that executives uses a combination of communication flows and information flows in a proportion which varies depending upon the context of their different activities. It also revealed that executives initiated information and communication flows of a different nature depending upon the role they play and the level of those with whom they deal within the organization. The results of the study suggest that very specific approaches are needed when identifying top executives' needs in terms of developing systems aimed at supporting top managers' strategic activities.333?,Loeb, K. Rai, A. Ramaprasad, A. Sharma, S.1998]Design, development and implementation of a global information warehouse: A case study at IBM291Information Systems Journal8global information warehouse, information systems implementation, information systems design, information systems development, case study1998The characteristics of a global information warehouse (GIW) can be understood with reference to the three dimensions implied by the three words in its name. These dimensions are boundary of the system, semiotic level of the objects in the system, and organization of objects in the system, corresponding to the terms 'global', 'information' and 'warehouse', respectively. This paper defines these three dimensions and describes the system characteristics that flow from the definitions. These characteristics also highlight the issues involved in the design, development and implementation of GIWs. The case study following the discussion of the three dimensions illustrates these issues.463F?Rouibah, K. Ould-ali, S.2002VPUZZLE: S concept and prototype for linking business intelligence to business strategy(Journal of Strategic Information Systems'article in press'business intelligence, weak signs, interpreting weak signs, fast response management, strategic information system, strategic business intelligence system, creativity, ill-structured problem, research engineering, exploratory research, prototyping.2002Business intelligence (BI) is a strategic approach for systematically targeting, tracking, communicating and transforming relevant weak signs (The authors uses the concept of weak sign instead of 'weak signal' as proposed by Ansoff [California Management Review XXVIII (1975) 21] because tyhey feel the word 'signal' implies greater quantitative measurability. However, authors continue to use if for the same purpose.) into actionable informaiton on which strategic decision-making is based. Despite the increasing importance of BI, there is little underlying theoretical work, which directly can guide the interpretation of ambiguous weak signs. This paper gives an insight into the issue through a new strategic business intelligence system called PUZZLE. (continued)374?Dennis, A.R. Carte, T.A.1998uUsing geographical information systems for decision making: Extending cognitive fit theory to map-based presentations194Information Systems Research92?geographical information systems, cognitive fit, maps, graphics1998As the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) by business becomes more common, we need to better understand when these systems are and are not useful. This research uses a laboratory experiment to extend cognitive fit theory (Vessey 1991) to geographic tasks performed using either map-based presentations or tabular presentations. The experiment found that decision makers using a map-based presentation made faster and more accurate decisions when working on a geographic task in which there were adjacency relationships among the geographic areas. Decision makers using a map-based presentation made faster but less accurate decisions when working on a geographic task in which there were no relationships amon the geographic areas.11670?Straub, B. Angell, I.O.1991IInformation systems and uncertainty: A conspiracy of misplaced confidence61Journal of Information Systems1;decision support systems, information systems, uncertainty.1991<Information technology is becoming an increasingly important factor in contemporary management. Information systems are being set up in business explicitly to accommodate the new opportunities of this technology, and thse are having a lasting effect on managerial practice. The full implications of this technology-driven development have not been appreciated by organizations, which in absorbing technological systems, are tolerating a great drain on their resources. The efficacy of computers is predicated on the acceptance of some very specific perspectives. A growing discontent and dissappointment with their limited achievements is our reason for advocating a different point of view. We will discuss how a shift in perspective, particularly in respect to the perception of uncertainty, will affect thinking and practice in the field of management support systems. We will render our view of the application of computerized decision support systems (DSS), and especially, we will focus on the beliefs and assumptions that have shaped this technology thus far. (continued)1113?#McHaney, R. Hightower, R. White, D.1999OEUCS test-retest reliability in representational model decision support systems109Information & Management36Iend-user computing satisfaction (EUCS), computer simulation, satisfaction1999A test-retest reliability study of an end-user computing satisfaction instrument was conducted. The instrument was distributed to real-worlde representational decision support system users through a mail survey. One month later, follow-up surveys were mailed asking the orginal respondents to again evaluate the same system. The data sets were compared and suggest that the instrument is internally consistent and stable when applied to its users.188?Wong, B.K. Monaco, J.A.1995ZExpert system application in business: A review and analysis of the literature (1977-1993)141Information & Management29expert systems, artificial intelligence, business applications, literature review, literature analysis, decision support systems, neural networks, technology integration, joint venture, task interdependence.1995QA survey of expert system (ES) business application paper published between 1977 and 1993 indicates that an increasing amount of ES research is being conducted for a diverse range of business activities. The classification of literature by (1) year of publication, (2) application area, (3) generic problem area addressed, (4) problem domain, (5) level of management (6) level of task interdependence, (7) means of development, (8) corporate/academic interaction in development, and (9) technology integration provides some insights in the trend. Implications to ES developers are discussed.553X?Sengupta, K. Abdel-Hamid, T.K.1993cAlternative conceptions of feedback in dynamic decision environments: An experimental investigation411Management Science394dynamic decision making, decision support systems, cognitive feedback, feedforward, outcome feedback, software project management1993Studies conducted in recent years have shown that outcome feedback in dynamic decision-making tasks does not lead to improved performance. This has led researchers to examine alternatives to outcome feedback for improving decision makers' performance in such tasks. This study examines the feasibility of improving performance in dynamic tasks by providing cognitive feedback or feedforward. We report a laboratory experiment in which subjects managed a set of simulated software development projects. Results indicate that subjects provided with cognitive feedback performed best, followed by those provided with feedforward. Subjects provided with outcome feeback performed poorly. We discuss the implications of the results for decision support in dynamic tasks.1107?%Glazer, R. Stechel, J.H. Winer, R.S.1992bLocally rational decision making: The distracting effect of information on managerial performance212Management Science382Vdecision making, rationality, strategy, information, performance, marketing simulation1992This paper describes a phenomenon called "locally rational" decision-making, in which the mere presence of information may have dysfunctional consequences even if decision makers do not process the information incorrectly. Using the results from an experiment conducted with a strategic market simulation game, we find that the accessibility of information results in a disposition to foucs on those componenets of decision-m aking most clearly addressed by the information. If these are not the components most closely tied to success, overall performance may in fact suffer. The decision-making process is thus "locally rational" since it may be optimal with respect to specific components of a larger plan, but globally suboptimal with regard to ultimate outcomes and for the organization as a whole. We describe the implications of the phenomenon for the use of market-related data in managerial decision-making.1210?Lau, H-S. Kletke, M.G.1994WA decision support software on bidding for job interviews in college placement offices.842Management Science407<decision support system, bidding, mixed integer programming.1994Many university placement offices employ a bidding system to allocate on-campus recruiter interview slots to students. Typically, a student is given (say) 700 points each weekd to bid on the firms visiting that week. Interview slots for each firm are assigned beginning with the highest bidder until all slots are filled. This paper describes the mathematical modeling behind a decision support system for helping students to bid in such a system. (continued)171?Beroggi, G.E.G. Wallace, W.1995kOperation control of the transportation of hazardous materials: an assessment of alernative decision models1962Management Science4112hdecision support systems, hazardous material transportation, ordinal preference, multiattribute utility.1995Commercially available tracking systems based on advanced communications and computing technology allow a dispatcher of hazardous material transports to monitor the movement of vehicles on a transportation network in real time. When unexpected events occur, a dispatcher working with this new technology can identify the regions surrounding the transportation network that are affected by these events and determine safe and cost-effective routes for the vehicles that plan to drive through those regions. Four decision models for rerouting hazardous material vehicles in real-time have been assessed in an experimental setting. (continued)130d?Basu, A. Blanning, R.W.19949Metagraphs: A tool for modeling decision support systems1579Management Science40128model management, decision support systems, graph theory1994Most decision support systems (DSS) contain stored data, data analysis procedures, and decision models. However, many DSS have grown to the point that the average end user is presented with a bewildering array of information resources that are diffiuclt to manage in an effective manner. As a result users often gravitate to a few familiar models and are unaware of the data resources avialable to them and how these resources relate to the various models. For example, they may think that a model requires data that is unavialalbe, when in fact that data has recently been added to the data base or could be calculated from another model. Or they may believe that all of the data needed to execute a set of models is available and find out well into the analysis that it is not. Existing tools for DSS design do not provide an effective and comprehensive foundation for modeling all the components of a DSS, or for addressing all the important DSS analysis and design issues. In this paper we show how a new graph-theoretic structure, called a metagraph, can be used as a unifying basis for addressing many important questions in DSS development and use.13?Athanassopoulos, A.D.1998lDecision support for target-based resource allocation of public services in multiunit and multilevel systems173Management Science442equity, efficiency, effectiveness, resource allocation, data envelopment analysis,k goal programming, public services, incentives.1998rThis paper is concerned with the problem or resource allocation and target setting in the provision of public services. The paper develops a network-based representation of multi-level resource management with equity, efficiency, and effectiveness being recognised as the fundamental objectives of the system. On the modelling side, the proposed method combines data envelopment analysis and goal programming formulations integrated within an interactive planning framework. An illustrative application on fire departments is used to show the applicability of the method developed to assist the resource allocation process.127w?+van Bruggen, G.H. Smidts, A. Wierenga, B.1998IImproving decision making by means of a marketing decision support system645Management Science445@marketing, decision support systems, managerial decision making.1998pMarketing decision makers are confronted with an increasing amount of information. This leads to a complex decision environment that may cause decison makers to lapse into using mental-effort-reducing heuristics such as anchoring and adjustment. In an experimental study, we find that the use of a marketing decision support system (MDSS) increases the effectiveness of marketing decision makers. An MDSS is effective because it assists its users in identifying the important decision variables and, subsequently, making better decisions based on those variables. Decision makers using an MCSS are also less susceptible to applying the anchoring and adjustment heuristic and, therefore, show more variation in their decisions in a dynamic environment. Low-analytical decision makers and decision makers operating under low time pressure especially benefit from using an MDSS.1154?Hoch, S.J. Schkade, D.A.19964A psychological approach to decision support systems51Management Science421Sdecision support systems, forecasting, managerial decision making, pattern matching1996Rapid advances in information technology have grought decision makers the mixed blessing of an increasingly vast amount of easily available data. Designers of decision support systems (DSS) have focused on incorporating the latest technology with little attention to whether these new systems are compatible with the psychology of decision makers. Our premise is that DSS should be designed to take advantage of the distinctive competencies of decision makers while using technology to compensate for their inherent weaknesses. In this study we apply this approach to a forecasting task. We find that to arrive at a forecast decision makers often search their experience for a situation similar to the one at hand and then make small adjustments to this previous situation. Our theoretical model of the performance of this intuitively appealing strategy shows that it performs reasonably well in highly predictable environments, but performs quite poorly in less predictable environments. (continued)1181B?Marakas, G.M. Elam, J.J.1997HCreativity enhancement in problem solving: Through software or process?1136Management Science438Ecreativity enhancement, problem-solving, decision support, DSS design1997IThis paper reports the results of a controlled laboratory experiment in which the work of Elam and Mead (1990) was both replicated and extended to explore how knowledge and use of a creativity enhancing process employed both manually and delivered via computer software affect the level of creativity in response to a problem-solving task. The results suggest the enhancement of creativity in response to open-ended problems is significantly affected by the process employed by the decision maker rather than the vehicle by which the process is delivered. Further, the results indicate that the capability of a decision support system (DSS) to provide directed guidance in the application of a process combined with user knowledge of the underlying process model improves creativity enhancement over use of either DSS or the process alone.173?Webby, R. O'Connor, M.1994iThe effectiveness of Decision Support Systems: The implications of task complexity and DSS sophistication19!Journal of Information Technology91994All decision support systems (DSS) are, by their nature, designed to improved decision making effectiveness, yet a review of the experimental literature reveals that achievement of this objective is mixed. We propose that this is because DSS effectiveness is contingent upon a number of factors related to the task and DSS under investigation. This paper reports a longitudinal experiment designed to evaluate the relationship between DSS effectiveness and two such factors: DSS sophistication and task complexity. (continued)148?Yussof, M.B. Jenkins, J.1994YAn approach to development of decision support systems for a public sector administration29!Journal of Information Technology919941The decision making process in complex domains involves inconsistent, incomplete and uncertain information and a lack of established models or theories. These characteristics influence the nature of approach to be used in the development of any decision aids to support the process. This paper presents an approach adopted in the development of a DSS to support complex decision making in a Public Sector body. The approach incorporates the use of Soft System Methodology (SSM). The role of SSM in Information Systems in general and in the development of DSS in particular is not well understood. This paper attempts to be useful especially at the initial stage of DSS development, namely in understanding the problem area, as well as in identifying models and information to be used as inputs to the DSS design.131?'Wheeler, F.P. Chang, S.H. Thomas, R.J.1993hMoving from an executive information system to everyone's information system: Lessons from a case study177!Journal of Information Technology81993*The history of a major steel company's executive information system (EIS) is reported from its inception in 1984, through its demise as a system for top management, to its transformation in 1991 as a strikingly successful information system for all managers and administrative staff. This case has significant implications for all those who are interested in providing technical support to top decision makers. It also has important lessons for any organisation that has an EIS or that is planning to implement the current generation of EIS technology.350?Fitzgerald, B. Murphy, C.1994ZIntroducing executive information systems into organizations: separating fact from fallacy288!Journal of Information Technology91994Several factors have been proposed by researchers to explain why organizations are motivated to introduce executive information systems (EIS) now. These are identified and categorized in this paper and the results of an empirical study which examined the relevance of these factors in practice are presented. The findings of the study question the relevance and validity of some of the factors that have been identified - most notably that EIS are being introduced at the request of executives who are becoming increasingly computer literate and see EIS as a means of coping with today's extremely competitive business environment. The study findings suggest that IS departments push and EIS envy are factors which paly a significant role in the emergence of EIS in organizations.31750?Beeri, Y. Speigler, I.1996Synergetic expert systems73Decision Support Systems172expert systems, decision support system (DSS), artificial intelligence, decision making, object-oriented design, group decision support system (GDSS), value of information.1996A model for integrating expert systems is presented. The model - Synergetic Expert System (SES) - contains several expert systems which can be arranged syngergetically to siut the particular needs of a problem. An object-oriented apporach is used to design the model and handle its various components. The building blocks of the model, arrnaged in series or paralell, are defined together with a formal delineation of efficient and economic expert systems. These lead to a definition of marginal cost and value of an expert to a system. The model may be applied when different experts or expert systems are needed to tackle a complex problem. Treating experts or expert systems in parallel may also be viewed as a form of Group Decision Support System (GDSS).5423(?1Quah, T-S. Tan, C-L. Raman, K.S. Srinivasan, B.1996BTowards integrating rule-based expert systems and neaural networks99Decision Support Systems172pNeural network expert systems, network element, semantic structure, learning, inferencing mechanism, rule editor1996This research explores a new approach to integrate neural networks and expert systems. The integrated system combines the strenght of rule-based semantic structure and the learning capability of connectionist architecture. In addition, the approach allows users to define logical operators that behave much similar to that of human expert decision making process. Neural Logic Network (NEULONET) is used as the underlying building unit. A rule-based shell like environment is developed. The shell is used to build a prototype expert decision support system for future bonds trading. The system also provides a way to behave like different experts responding to different users and giving advice according to different environmental situations.5425?(Ramirez, R.G. Kulkarni, U.R. Moser, K.A.1996)Derived data for decision support systems119Decision Support Systems172TWhat-if-analysis, derived data, relational databases, versions, views, view updates.1996In decision-making situations requiring "what-if" analysis, in statistical databases, it is desirable to explicitly store derived data without losing consistency with the original data. We introduce independently-updated views (IUVs) for storage and use of derived data for decision support systems. IUVs support multiple versions, provide derivation transparancy, mantain data consistency, and afford control over tiem of derivation. The notion of data consistency is extended to allow for multiple versions so that versions are consistent with the actively updated database on which they are defined. Implementation issues are discussed and the cost of retrieving IUVs representing different types of derived data is estimated.1426? Bird, S.D.1997TConceptualizing a shared language subsystem for distributed decision support systems227Decision Support Systems194HDSS, distributed DSS, architecture, distributed artificial intelligence.1997Researchers have only recenlty begun to develop formal archietectures for support systems that capitalize on advancements in distributed technologies. Conceptual models have been proposed for distributed version of both DSS and GDSS. To date, however, these developments have largely been limited to techniques employing shared global data spaces. Research on other approaches to distributed support systems development, including that based on the shared langauge techniques of distibuted artificial intelligence, is still lagging. To introduce this research area, this paper reviews architectural principles for distributed decision support and develops the notion of a shared language as an extension of the DSS language subsystem.7831?Gupta, K.M. Montazemi, A.R.1997SA connectionist approach for similarity assessment in case-based reasoning systems.237Decision Support Systems194gcase-based reasoning, adaptive decision support systems, connectionist networks, information retrieval.1997Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) systems support ill-structured decision making. In ill-structured decision environments, decision makers (DMs) differ in their problem solving approaches. As a result, CBR systems would be more useful if they were able to adapt to the idiosyncrasies of individual decision makers. Existing implementations of CBR systems have been mainly symbolic, and symbolic CBR systems are unable to adapt to the preferences of decision makers (i.e., they are static). Retrieval of appropriate previous cases is critical to the success of a CBR system. Widely used symbolic retrieval functions, such as nearest-neighbor matching, assume independence of attributes and require specification of their importance for matching. To ameliorate these deficiencies connectionist systems have been proposed. However, these systems are limited in their ability to adapt and grow. To overcome this limitation, we propose a distributed connectionist-symbolic architecture that adapts to the preferences of a decision maker and that, additionally, ameliorates the limitations of symbolic matching. The proposed architecture uses a supervised learning technique to acquire the matching knowledge. The architecture allows the growth of a case base without the involvement of a knowledge engineer. Empirical investigation of the proposed architecture in an ill-structured diagnostic decision environment demonstrated a superior retrieval performance when compared to the nearest-neighbor matching function.5830x?*Kim, Y-G. Kim, H-M. Yoon, J-W. Ryu, H-S.1997bBuilding an organizational decision support system for Korea Telecom: A process redesign approach255Decision Support Systems194cOrganizational decision support systems, process redesign, network communication, ODSS architecture19970Organizational decision support systems (ODSSs) are a new type of decision support systems (DSSs) focusing on organization-wide issues rather than individual, group, or departmental issues. Because of its organization-wide scope, a typical ODSS cuts across organizational functions or hierarchical layers. Thus, seamless integration with organization's diverse IS applications running on heterogeneous platforms becomes a critical issue for building a successful ODSS. In this paper, we analyzed the Korea Telecom's (KT) Operations & Maintenance (O & M) division focusing on its investment strategies. We developed a conceptual framework through process redesign, which links O & M investment decisions to performance of its operational branches across the nation. To support the above framework, we also developed a prototype for the KTOM-ODSS with an EIS-like user-friendly interface. When a complete ODSS is implemented on top of various KT transaction processing systems, it will become a critical component of the O & M Integrated Decision Support Environment (IDSE).1832#?!Sia, C-L. Tan, B.C.Y. Wei, K-K.1997PEffects of GSS interface and task type on group interaction: An empirical study289Decision Support Systems194Egroup support systems, group interaction, user-interface, task types.1997The effects of GSS interface and task type on group interaction are examined in this experimental study. A 2 ¥ 2 factorial design is employed. Each treatment has eight groups. Two types of GSS interfaces are studied: icon-based and text-based. Two task types are investigated: intellective and preference. Three dependent variables are measured: efficiency of influence attempts, inequality of influence attempts, and dominance significance. Results of data analysis show that groups using icon-based interface achieve greater efficiency of influence attempts, greater equality of influence attempts, and less dominance significance than groups using text-based interface. Moreover, equality of influence attempts is greater for preference task groups than intellective task groups. These results suggest that an icon-based interface is a useful feature of a GSS, particularly when group members are novice computer users. GSS developers should, therefore, pay attention to interface design on top of the considerations for other GSS features.28330?(Delaney, M.M. Foroughi, A. Perkins, W.C.1997OAn empirical study of the efficacy of a computerized negotiation support system185Decision Support Systems203Bnegotiation support systems, empirical study, contract bargaining.1997This paper presents the results of an empirical study to investigate the effects of a computerized NSS on the outcomes of face-to-face negotiations and on negotiator attitudes. In the study, pairs (dyads) of college students were involved in a simulated industrial bargaining scenario which tested the impact of computer support and conflict level on contract outcomes and negotiator attitudes. Three levels of computer support were compared: a comprehensive NSS (DSS component and an electronic communication component), DSS support only (no electronic communication component), and no computer support. The results showed that the DSS support was similar to the comprehensive NSS in improving the information processing aspects of the negotiation, such as joint outcomes, contract balance, and number of contract proposals. However, the comprehensive NSS had a wider spectrum of positive effects, impacting the socio-emotional aspects of the negotiation such as perceived satisfaction and negative climate as well as the information processing aspects.8802? Foulds, L.R.1997QLayoutManager: A microcomputer-based decsion support system for facilities layout199Decision Support Systems203RFacilities layout, decision support system, microcomputer applications, case study1997A user-friendly, menu-driven decision support system (DSS) for facilities layout design is described. It provides for the choice between a variety of productivity criteria. The system is written in Pascal, within the Microsoft Windows environment, for an MS-DOS personal computer. A case study, involving the successful use of the system which motivated its development, is also mentioned.1803? Kivijarvi, H.1997PA substance-theory-oriented approach to the implementation of Organizational DSS215Decision Support Systems203Organizational decision support systems, DSS development methodology, substance-oriented, managerial theories, descriptive-normative.1997~Organizational Decision Support Systems are general-purpose, multiple-user, large-scale systems that have a relatively definite, continuous and organized position in the planning and decision making processes of an organization and which are designed for a variety of organizational decisions. Because designing, developing, and implementing an ODSS is a more challenging task than that of one-function or one-user DSS, strong and clear methodological principles are needed to manage the development process. In this conceptual research a novel and comprehensive framework for the implementation of an organizational DSS is outlined. The proposed approach is a Substance-Theory-Oriented (STO) methodology to design and develop ODSS. According to the methodology, the emphasis in the implementation process is moved from technological aspects closer to managerial, substantive aspects. We believe that all phases of the development process can be supported by appropriate managerial theories. The central theme of this paper is to show that the managerial substance-theories can be used to direct what should be included in and how to develop an ODSS.1804?,Zopounidis, C. Doumpos, M. Matsatsinis, N.F.1997XOn the use of knowledge-based decision support systems in financial management: A survey259Decision Support Systems203decision support system, expert systems, finanical management, knowledge-based decision support systems, multicriteria decision aid.1997:This paper presents an extended survey of the application of knowledge-based decision support systems (KBDSSs) in financial management. KBDSSs originated from the combination of decision support systems with expert system (ES) technology. Thus, initially, the implementation of both decision support systems and ESs in several fields of financial management is discussed. The existing problems and limitations of these two approaches are outlined, and the new methodological framework based on the use of KBDSSs and its application in financial management are presented.5805 ?BGoul, M. Philippakis, A. Kiang, M.Y. Fernandes, D. Ontondo, R.1997{Requirements for the design of a protocol suite to automate DSS deployment on the World Wide Web: A client/server approach151Decision Support Systems193Odecision support system, internet protocol, distributed artificial intelligence1997The purpose of this paper is to propose and justify requirements for the design of a protocol suite for deploying and sharing Specific DSSs both within and across organizations by utilizing the World Wide Web (WWW) infrastructure and a client/server decomposition model. At the heart of the model proposed for the protocol suite is an approach for inter-agent communication as adapted from the distributed artificial intelligence literature. A modularized layered approach to protocol specification, and three sample client interfaces derived from the protocol are presented. Our approach is contrasted to alternative schemes for decision model access across wide area networks.5925?"Ba, S. Kalakota, R. Whinston, A.B.1997EUsing client-broker-server architecture for Intranet decision support171Decision Support Systems193>Decision support systems, Intranet, MIS broker, intermediation1997Electronic commerce is emerging as a key enabler in changing the way companies do business. This paper focuses on the aspects of electronic commerce that are pertinent to Intranet decision support and tries to develop the theory and technical requirements that will drive the implementation of such a decision support system. The main objective is to achieve information integration using the brokers, World Wide Web, and structured documents. The implementation of a prototype system is described and results from its usage are presented.5926i?&Bhargava, H.K. Krishnan, R. Muller, R.1997RDecision support on demand: Emerging electronic markets for decision technologies193Decision Support Systems1931997For the individual or organization wishing to employ a scientific approach in solving decision problems, there is a plethora of relevant concepts, methods, models, and software. Yet, relative to their potential or to peer software such as database technologies, decision technologies are little used in real-world decision making. We argue that at least some of the problems that restrict the use of decision technologies are rooted in the use of conventional market mechanisms to distribute them. We propose the development of electronic markets for decision technologies, and explain how features of modern information networks offer a solution to these problems. We present a framework for comparing alternative electronic markets for decision technologies, survey and analyze several such emerging markets, and present some details on our own research initiative - DecisionNet. A distinctive feature of DecisionNet is that it consists of software agents that perform - at the market level - functions (such as user accounting, billing and setting up the interface to a decision technology) that would otherwise need to be developed for each consumer, provider, or technology.1927?Jeusfeld, M.A. Bui, T.X.1997KDistributed decision support and organizational connectivity: A case study215Decision Support Systems193nDecision support system, distributed processing, Internet/Intranet, data and model repository, world wide web.1997While the Internet has been grabbing most of the attention of the information systems researchers and practitioners, online transaction processing systems still take the lion's share of business information systems. Although many Decision Support Systems (DSS) have been developed, they failed to become mainstream products due to their limited availability, applicability, and interoperability. In this paper, we propose a script language to make use of the vast resource of the Internet as a means (i) to better make DSS known to potential users, and (ii) to allow construction of DSS from DSS components stored on various Internet sites. With the proposed script language, we contend that DSS would have a greater potential of gaining a larger share of use among the business community. Contrasting to other approaches that advocate for a central clearinghouse of DSS components, we propose a bottom-up strategy, i.e., users and developers of DSS's cooperate in weaving a web of distributed DSS components to form a federated network of on-line DSS repositories. The purpose of the proposed script language is to ensure effective search of DSS components and rapid development and deployment of application-specific DSS. The proposed method is scalable to support distributed platforms using multiple processors and/or application domains. A case study derived from a real life application in a multi-national company is discussed to illustrate the proposed approach.1928?$Schniederjans, M.J. Carpenter, D.A.1996@A heuristic job scheduling decision support system: A case study159Decision Support Systems182Decision support system application, heuristic methodology, relational database problem, production systems, scheduling methodology, microcomputer application.1996The daily activity of establishing a job assignment schedule for each individual employee in a manufacturing setting can be quite a complex management task. Work rules, special work load requirements and absenteeism all act to compound the scheduling activity. Many organizations have tried to solve their scheduling problems by developing software systems to handle their daily scheduling decision making. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of a unique heuristic-based scheduling software system. The scheduling system is presented in the context of a real world case study for a major US manufacturer who sponsored the scheduling system's development.1436?2Montazemi, A.R. Wang, F. Nainar, S.M.K. Bart, C.K.1996+On the effectiveness of decisional guidance181Decision Support Systems182MDSS impacts and evaluation, decision processes, cognitive cost-benefit theory1996 The objective of this study was to determine the impact on decision makers of two forms of computer support - suggestive guidance and informative guidance - on the problem formulation stage of judgmental tasks. Three hypotheses were postulated regarding the effectiveness of these two forms of guidance. The three hypotheses were tested in two experiments comprising two judgmental tasks of differing complexity. The task performance of 282 subjects provided the basis for the assessment of the two forms of computer support. In the first experiment, which had the less complex task, we found that the availability of DSS improved task performance. In this scenario, suggestive guidance was found to enable subjects to perform significantly better than those subjects using informative guidance. However, in the second experiment, which had the more complex task, subjects using informative guidance outperformed those who were either supported with a suggestive guidance or who received no-DSS support at all (i.e., only pencil and paper was used). No significant difference was demonstrated to exist between those who were supported with suggestive guidance and those who were not supported with DSS. The results are analyzed with respect to current findings in decision research.1434? Eom, S.B.1996yMapping the intellectual structure of research in decision support systems through author cocitation analysis (1971-1993)315Decision Support Systems164fDecision support systems, intellectual structure, bibliometrics, cocitation analysis, factor analysis.1996{This study applies factor analysis of an author cocitation frequency matrix derived from a database file that consists of a total of 23,768 cited reference records taken from 944 citing articles. Factor analysis extracted eleven factors consisting of six major areas of DSS research (group DSS, foundations, model management, interface systems, multicriteria DSS, and implementation) and five contributing disciplines (multiple criteria decision making, cognitive science, organizational science, artificial intelligence, and systems science). This research provides hard evidence that the decision support system has made meaningful progress over the past two decades and is in the process of solidifying its domain and demarcating its reference disciplines. Especially, much progress has been made in the subareas of model management such as representation, model base processing, model integration, and artificial intelligence application to model management leading towards the development of a theory of models. To facilitate the transition from the pre- to post-paradigm period in DSS research, this study has completed important groundwork.7942$?Lim, J.S. O'Connor, M.1996CJudgmental forecasting with interactive forecasting support systems339Decision Support Systems164]Forecasting support systems, judgmental forecasting, information acquisition and utilisation.1996With an increasing use of DSS / EIS, managers are often required to process information coming from a variety of sources in making a final decision. However, we have little understanding of the efficiency with which people select and use the multiple pieces of information. This issue was examined under various conditions using a DSS in a forecasting task where multiple items of information were displayed on request in an interactive manner. Results indicate that overall people underacquired information. Moreover, people often selected less-reliable information. This sub-optimal behaviour did not diminish over time (it became worse). But an aggregation DSS was helpful at the task. This suggests that people seemed to have a problem in aggregating multiple pieces of information. It was also found that the independent preparation of an initial forecast improved forecast accuracy significantly. Perhaps, forecasters may prepare the initial forecast independently and use decision aids for the subsequent tasks of the forecasting process.7943?"Basnet, C. Foulds, L. Igbaria, M.1996OFleetManager: a microcomputer-based decision support system for vehicle routing195Decision Support Systems163jVehicle scheduling, milk tanker routing, decision support systems, microcomputer application, New Zealand.1996LWe report on a decision support system (DSS) that recommends solutions to a particular version of the vehicle routing problem occurring in the New Zealand dairy industry. FleetManager is a DSS developed for use by New Zealand milk tanker schedulers and is designed to aid them in creating or improving milk tanker routes using their experience and preferences. The DSS uses multiple, resizable, overlapping windows to assist schedulers in their tasks. Users can also interact with the system through a graphical interface which displays a road map of the area and the location of the milk processing plants and milk suppliers. FleetManager also contains the option of automatically creating vehicle routes, which can be modified by the users. The system can be used to analyze a wide variety of "What-if?" scenarios with potential cost impacts.1823?Forgionne, G.A. Kohli, R.1996IHMSS: A management support system for concurrent hospital decision making209Decision Support Systems163HConcurrent engineering, decision support systems, decision technology systems, expert systems, executive information systems, health care decision making, health care games, health care outcome measures, health care process measures, hospital information systems, intelligent decision support systems, management support system.1996Mounting health care costs have escalated the pressure on hospitals and other health care providers to control expenses. Conventional hospital information systems help meet the challenge by providing data necessary for policy formation and outcome measurement. Additional decision support systems deliver models that can be used to systematically evaluate the policies. When deployed successfully, each stand-alone system can effectively support a segment of the hospital decision making process. Integrating the stand-alone functions can enhance the quality and efficiency of the segmented support, create synergistic effects, and augment decision making performance and value. A high-level integration framework, known as the management support system (MSS), can be adapted to provide the desired synthesis. This paper demonstrates how management support systems can improve hospital decision making. It overviews the hospital decision making process, presents an MSS for supporting this process, and measures the impact of the MSS on the process and outcomes of decision making. The paper also examines the implications of the analyses for information systems research and health care practice.1821 ? Das, S.K.1995#A logical reasoning with preference19Decision Support Systems1512Preference, decision support system, action, logic1995TIn a decision making context, multiple choices of actions are usually offered to solve a particular problem. Consequently, the question of preferences among the actions will occur. The ordering of recommended actions by preference is made by taking into account the states of the universe of discourse. We develop here a logic p for reasoning about preferences in such circumstances. The language of the logic is propositional extended with a special binary relation of preference among formulae. The model theory of the logic is studied and the soundness and completeness theorem is established.5955N?Gottinger, H.W. Weimann, H.P.19959Intelligent inference systems based on influence diagrams27Decision Support Systems151Influence diagrams, intelligent decision support systems, probabilistic reasoning, decision theoretic reasoning, logical reasoning, artificial intelligence.1995This paper explores various inference techniques for an intelligent decision support system based on influence diagrams. Rule-based expert systems for decision support have been successful for well-structured, well understood decision situations of a taxonomic classification type. As uncertainty is prevalent, information costly and payoff relevant, and the preferred solution depends on the specific beliefs and preferences of an individual or group decision maker the resolution methods of decision theory embodied in first-order predicate logic forms a natural basis for computerized intelligent decision support. Based on a unified characterization of knowledge inference procedures for logical probabilistic and decision theoretic reasoning are described in detail.5956?Remus, W. Kottemann, J.1995AAnchor-and-adjustment behaviour in a dynamic decision environment63Decision Support Systems151EDecision making, biases, anchor-and-adjustment, production scheduling1995Research on the anchor-and-adjustment paradigm has concentrated on discrete, static judgment tasks rather than on decision making in a continuous, dynamic environment. In the experiment reported, we found anchoring-and-adjustment occurring in a continuous, dynamic environment. We also established that the anchoring-and-adjustment model differed from the classical models in both fit and economic performance.1944)?Shen, W.S. Khoong, C.M.1995/A DSS for empty container distrubition planning75Decision Support Systems151Edecision support systems, distribution planning, network optimization1995FA decision support system to solve a large-scale planning problem concerning the multiperiod distribution of empty containers for a shipping company is presented. The system proposed uses network optimization models. Besides optimizing on container positioning across ports, the system is also able to recommend cost-effective container leasing-in and off-leasing decisions. Furthermore, the system incorporates constraint relaxation techniques that minimize perturbations to the existing planning decisions in response to ad-hoc changes in demands and supplies of empty containers.1958?'Pinson, S.D. Louça, J.A. Moraitis, P.1997<A distributed decision support system for strategic planning35Decision Support Systems201strategic planning, distributed decision support systems, distributed artifical intelligence, multi-agent systems, blackboard systems.1997Recent advances in artificial intelligence, particularly in the field of multi-agent theory, offer great promises in modeling strategic planning processes. In this domain, the ability to introduce distinct cognitive agents which cooperate to solve the problem enables the processing of more complex and ill-structured problems. This paper presents a general framework for building a distributed strategic decision support system (DSDSS) which integrates both advances in distributed decision making and distributed artificial intelligence. It goes on to describe a cooperative and distributed system with two specific features: the users intervene as human agents in the solution formation, and strategic knowledge and domain knowledge are distributed in different agents which communicate through various blackboards and message passing. An example is provided in the field of strategic marketing which illustrates how the system operates.5855?Gagliardi, M. Spera, C.1997CBLOOMS: A prototype modeling language with object oriented features1Decision Support Systems191doptimization, decision support systems, modeling languages, structured modeling, object orientation.1997The success of a Decision Support System (DSS) can be mainly attributed to the language it uses. The language has to be:(1) powerful, so as to express a wide variety of problems; (2) flexible, so as to be managed and updated not only by the vendors but also by the end-users; and (3) user-friendly, so as to minimize the time necessary for learning how to model the problem and derive its solution if a well defined solution exists. Often the term "user-friendly" also means that the system provides graphical tools for the user, which constitute the Graphical User Interface (GUI). In this paper we introduce the reader to the implementation features of an Object Oriented language, called BLOOMS (Basic Language Object Oriented for Modeling Systems), designed by the authors. BLOOMS has to be viewed not only as a different implementation of Structured Modeling (SM) languages, but also as a possible extension of SM in the framework of Object Orientation.1839?"Goes, P.B. Gopal, R.D. Chen, N-K.1997?Query evaluation management design and prototype implementation23Decision Support Systems191cquery evaluation, query processing, database management, decision support systems, knowledge bases.1997}The increasing customer orientation of information technology applications has resulted in a stronger emphasis on providing query evaluation services to the user community. Applications in electronic markets, data warehousing and decision support systems arenas function in highly dynamic environments serving users who demand increasing flexibility in their interactions with the systems. These characteristics limit a direct application of current query evaluation models. We propose the development of a query evaluation subsystem (QUEM) that is equipped with a knowledge base, a learning component and a decision support component to provide greater flexibility to the users and aid in managing system transitions. A prototype termed QUEST has been built and implemented in a quasi-real world setting. The experimental results validate the practical viability of the proposed architecture.5840:?McHaney, R. Douglas, D.E.1997AMultivariate regression metamodel: A DSS application in industry43Decision Support Systems191zautomated guided vehicles, discrete event computer simulation, GPSS/H, decision support system, metamodel, logic transfer.1997A materials handling system simulation (written using GPSS/H) was developed to predict the Automated Guided Vehicle requirements necessary for a major manufacturer to maintain desired levels of production in one of its automobile assembly plants. Rather than use the simulation as a representational DSS and risk complicating the user interface, validated simulation outputs were collected and used to produce a multivariate regression metamodel. This metamodel formed the centerpiece of a narrow-scope suggestion model DSS used on the factory floor to aid in day to day allocations of resources. This article looks at the metamodel development methodology and offers this technique as an effective means of producing a suggestion model DSS from a more complex representational DSS.1841?Ma, J.19970Type and inheritance theory for model management53Decision Support Systems191decision support systems, model management, model base systems, object-oriented specification and design, type, inheritance theory.1997Model management is one of the important research areas in decision support systems (DSS). Similar to that in data management, the research activities in model management should include the representation of model base structures and design of model base systems. Object-oriented methods have been used for the representation of model base structures. Based on a proposed object-oriented framework, this paper presents the use of type rules and inheritance theory for the design of model base systems. Examples are used to illustrate that the proposed design theory can help to reduce redundancy and avoid inconsistency for the design of model base systems.1842?Serrano-Cinca, C.19967Self organizing neural networks for financial diagnosis227Decision Support Systems173hself organizing feature maps, neural networks, Kohonen maps, financial diagnosis, bankruptcy prediction.1996yA complete Decision Support System (DSS) for financial diagnosis based on Self Organizing Feature Maps (SOFM) is described. This is a neural network model which, on the basis of the information contained in a multidimensional space -- in the case exposed, financial ratios -- generates a space of lesser dimensions. In this way, similar input patterns -- in the case exposed, companies -- are represented close to one another on a map. The neural network has been complemented and compared with multivariate statistical models such as Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), as well as with neural models such as the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). As the principal advantage, this DSS provides a complete analysis which goes beyond that of the traditional models based on the construction of a solvency indicator also known as Z score, without renouncing simplicity for the final decision maker.5422? Huang, C-C.1999IAn agile approach to logical network analysis in decision support systems53Decision Support Systems251Jdecision support system, model analysis, logical networks, world wide web.1999 Decision support system (DSS) is an interactive computer-based system, which helps decision makers utilize data and models to solve unstructured problems. Current business is undergoing a major paradigm shift that is taking it from traditional management into a world of agility. An agile corporation should be able to rapidly respond to the market changes. Solution approaches to quickly support decision making and model analyzing are crucial in business management. The approaches may support solutions for the decision makers who are geographically separated and operate on differing computer platforms. In this paper, a generalized label-correcting (GLC) approach is developed to analyze the models represented with logical networks. This GLC approach is agile because by combining various operators and comparators, different types of paths in the networks can be solved with one algorithm for different values of the initial node. The main contribution of this paper is to provide an approach in analyzing the logical networks, and the approach is implemented through the World Wide Web (WWW) regardless of the geographical constraints and platforms used.17916?#Martinsons, M. Davison, R. Tse, D.1999XThe balanced scorecard: A foundation for the strategic management of information systems71Decision Support Systems251Balanced scorecard, performance measurement and evaluation, strategic decision-making, information systems success, multidimensional metrics, case studies, performance management.1999The balanced scorecard (BSC) has emerged as a decision support tool at the strategic management level. Many business leaders now evaluate corporate performance by supplementing financial accounting data with goal-related measures from the following perspectives: customer, internal business process, and learning and growth. It is argued that the BSC concept can be adapted to assist those managing business functions, organizational units and individual projects. This article develops a balanced scorecard for information systems (IS) that measures and evaluates IS activities from the following perspectives: business value, user orientation, internal process, and future readiness. Case study evidence suggests that a balanced IS scorecard can be the foundation for a strategic IS management system provided that certain development guidelines are followed, appropriate metrics are identified, and key implementation obstacles are overcome.7792?Chuang, T-T. Yadav, S.B.19986The development of an adaptive decision support system73Decision Support Systems242rAdaptive decision support systems, decision support systems, adaptive behavior, knowledge level, reflexive systems1998mAn integrated conceptual model of an adaptive decision support system (ADSS) is proposed by following a unified research methodology. Adaptive behaviors of the DSS are identified based on previous research into adaptivity of information systems. A variety of knowledge that enables the system to adaptively behave is recognized. The concept of a reflexive system and a conceptual framework of decision-making organization are adopted to structure various components. This model consists of several components at two levels: the meta-level and the basic-level. The components in the basic-level unit communicate with the user and carry out the task of decision support. The meta-level is a controlling unit capable of introspecting the system's capabilities and limitations, and determining an appropriate action to adjust the capabilities of components in the basic-level unit.1795N? Kuo, F-Y.1998EManagerial intuition and the development of executive support systems89Decision Support Systems242Managerial intuition, executive support systems, decision support systems, ecological psychology, situation cognition, distributed cognition, perception, action, mental model, socially constructed knowledge.1998Managerial intuition is a well-recognized cognitive ability but still poorly understood for the purpose of developing effective Executive Support Systems (ESS). This paper reviews research on cognition involved in intuition. The review shows that, in everyday decision making, executives are not passive choice makers but are active sensemakers who rely on perception, action, and imaginistic reasoning to arrive at solutions to problems. The combination of these cognitive resources appears to be seamless. Furthermore, the knowledge needed for problem solving is distributed between the manager's mind and the surrounding world. As a result, managers' intuition can be effective in handling dynamic, ill-structured problem situations. To develop an ESS that fits this perception¯action ecology of the manager's life in a hectic world, we must go beyond the emphasis of the tasks' functionalities. The author proposes an ecological model of managerial intuition and recommends methodologies that focus the analysis on the interplay between the manager and their environment. He also suggests guidelines to improve the ESS development such that the powerful intuition of managers and the analytic capability of the computer may be combined.3796^?%Rizzoli, A.E. Davis, J.R. Abel, D.J.1998NModel and data integration and re-use in environmental decison support systems127Decision Support Systems242Wmodel management, model integration and re-use, environmental decision support systems.1998;A software architecture for the management of environmental models is presented. The Systems Theory representation of models is embedded in an object-oriented approach that emphasises the separation of models from data, thereby promoting model and data integration and re-use. The concepts presented here correspond to the requirements of a Model Management System (MMS). It is finally shown how a Decision Support System can use this approach to implement the MMS in order to facilitate problem definition (via the domain base) and problem solution (via the model base).1798? Singh, D.T.1998fIncorporating cognitive aids into decision support systems: The case of the strategy execution process145Decision Support Systems242Ydecision support system, cognitive aid, strategy execution process, complexity, feedback.1998This paper emphasizes the need to support decision makers in their execution of decision-making strategies. In particular, it discusses the specific cognitive requirements of the strategy execution process and uses the insights generated as the conceptual basis from which to guide the design of cognitive aids to be incorporated into decision support technology. The impact of such cognitive aids is then empirically tested. The results indicate that computerized cognitive aids can successfully be designed into DSS to support decision makers' strategy execution process and that such aids have a significant positive impact on both decision-making efficiency and effectiveness.1799? Bajwa, D.S. Rai, A. Brennan, I.1998QKey antecedents of Executive Information System success: A path analytic approach31Decision Support Systems221Executive information systems, EIS, vendor support, IS support, top management support, EIS development and implementation, EIS maintenance, EIS enhancement, EIS success1998Over the past decade, a number of firms have been developing Executive Information Systems (EIS) to support their executives and managers. This paper draws upon the existing literature in EIS to explain key factors affecting EIS success. The study uses data collected from sixty-nine firms to examine the relationships between top management support, IS support, vendor/consultant support, and EIS success. A structural equation model is proposed to assess the relationships among these constructs. EQS is employed to empirically test the theoretical model and hypothesized relationships. The results indicate that IS support in EIS efforts is directly related to EIS success and that both IS support and vendor/consultant support in EIS efforts are influenced by top management support. No direct links between vendor/consultant support and EIS success, and between top management support and EIS success were found. However, high levels of top management support indirectly influence EIS success by creating a supportive context for the IS organization and vendors/consultant undertakings in a firm's EIS efforts. Implications of these findings for practitioners and researchers are outlined.3475? Keenan, P.B.19984Spatial decision support systems for vehicle routing65Decision Support Systems221kvehicle routing, Decision support systems, geographic information systems, spatial decision support systems1998The vehicle routing field is a well-developed area of management science application. There is increasing recognition that effective decision-making in this field requires the incorporation of vehicle routing techniques into a decision support system (DSS). In order to provide decision support for a wide range of problems, routing techniques should be combined with systems that can take advantage of new technologies. These include spatial techniques drawn from the field of geographic information systems (GIS). A synthesis of appropriate algorithms and a GIS based computer system is identified as being necessary for effective decision support for the vehicle routing problem.1471?Barr, S.H. Sharda, R.1997JEffectiveness of decision support systems: development or reliance effect?133Decision Support Systems212Group DSS, DSS effectiveness1997Despite the large number of empirical investigations of DSS on decision outcomes, very few studies have incorporated longitudinal designs to assess DSS effectiveness. This study proposes that effects of DSS on decision outcomes develop over time. The study evaluated whether improvements in decision quality typically associated with DSS were due primarily to `development' or `reliance' effects. Using an add-on and take-away design, we examined whether introduction of DSS contributes to decision quality after controlling for task familiarity. We also evaluated decision-makers' performance after removing the DSS. Results indicated that although DSS contributed to decision quality after controlling for task familiarity, increased decision performance of DSS-aided decision makers may be due to reliance rather than better conceptual understanding of the decision problem. Implications of these results for design and implementation of DSS are discussed.1953?Poon, P. Wagner, C.2001jCritical success factors revisited: success and failure cases of information systems for senior executives393Decision Support Systems304zExecutive information systems, critical success factors, critical failure factors, information systems success, case study2001SThe literature suggests the existence of critical success factors (CSFs) for the development of information systems that support senior executives. Our study of six organizations gives evidence for this notion of CSFs. The study further shows an interesting pattern, namely that companies either "get it right", and essentially succeed on all CSFs, or "get it completely wrong", that is, fall short on each of the CSFs. Among the six cases for which data were collected through in-depth interviews with company executives, three organizations seemed to manage all the CSFs properly, while two others managed all CSFs poorly. Only one organization showed a mixed scorecard, managing some factors well and some not so well. At the completion of the study, this organization could neither be judged as a success, nor as a failure. This dichotomy between success and failure cases suggests the existence of an even smaller set of "meta-success" factors. Based on our findings, we speculate that these "meta-success" factors are "championship", "availability of resources", and "link to organization objectives".31051?!Kanungo, S. Sharma, S. Jain, P.K.2001GEvaluation of a decision support system for credit management decisions419Decision Support Systems304,DSS, empirical, evaluation, quasi-experiment2001This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a decision support system (DSS) for credit management. This study formed a part of a larger initiative to assess the effectiveness of IT-based credit management processes at the State Bank of India (SBI). Such a study was necessitated since credit appraisal has emerged to become a critical sub-function in Indian banks in view of growing incidence of non-performing assets. The DSS that we assessed was a credit appraisal system developed in Quattro Pro® at SBI. This system helps in the analysis of balance sheets, calculation of financial ratios, cash flow analysis, future projections, sensitivity analysis and risk evaluation as per SBI norms. We used a strong quasi-experimental design, called the Solomon's four-group design, for our assessment. In our experiment, managers of SBI who attended training programs at the SBI training college, were the subjects. The experiment consisted of measurements that were taken as pre- and post-tests. An experimental intervention was applied between the pre-tests and the post-tests. The intervention, or stimulus, consisted of DSS training and use. There were four groups in our experiment. The stimulus remained constant as we took care to ensure that the course contents as well as the instructors remained the same during the course of our experiment. Two were experimental groups and two were the control groups. All four groups underwent training in credit management between the pre- and post-tests. Results from our research show that while the DSS is effective, improvements need to be made in the methodology to assess such improvements. Moreover, such assessment frameworks, while being adequate from a DSS-centric viewpoint, do not respond to the assessment of a DSS in an organizational setting. In our concluding section, we have discussed how this evaluative framework can be strengthened to initiate an activity that will allow the long-term, and possibly the only meaningful, evaluation framework for such a system.11052?6Antes, J. Campen, L. Derigs, U. Titze, C, Wolle, G.-D.1998hSYNOPSE: a model-based decision support system for the evaluation of flight schedules for cargo airlines307Decision Support Systems224_Model based decision support system, DSS, Airline management, evaluative models, implementation1998The ability to evaluate flight schedules, with respect to cost, revenue and contribution to profit, is essential for cargo airlines to respond properly to changing environments in this highly competitive and consumer-oriented market. In this paper, we introduce SYNOPSE, our model-based decision support system for the evaluation of flight schedules for cargo airlines, by describing the underlying planning situation, the data model and the decision models used, and the implementation, i.e., the development process, as well as the architecture. A small example illustrates the high complexity of the analysis process and the supporting qualities of our decision-support system (DSS).1686??Panko, R.R. Sprague Jr, R.H.1998WHitting the wall: Errors in developing and code inspecting a 'simple' spreadsheet model337Decision Support Systems224hAudit, code inspection, decision support system, end user computing, error, fault, spreadsheet, modeling1998  Field audits and experiments have found substantial error rates when students and professionals have built spreadsheet models. In this study, 102 undergraduate MIS majors and 50 MBA students developed a model from a word problem that was relatively simple and free of domain knowledge. Even so, 35% of their 152 models were incorrect. There was no significant difference in errors per model between undergraduates and MBAs. Even among the 17 MBAs with 250 h or more of experience, 24% of the models contained errors. The cell error rate (CER)¯¯the percentage of cells with errors¯¯was 2.0%. When 23 undergraduates attempted to audit their models through code inspection, only three with incorrect spreadsheets (15%) produced clean spreadsheets when they finished the audit.1688_? Ryu, Y.U.1998GConstraint logic programming framework for integrated decision supports155Decision Support Systems222Yconstraint logic programming, decision support systems, logic modelling, model management1998]Decision support systems provide decision-makers with an interactive environment for analyses of information with various models to help solve unstructured problems. Constraint logic programming as an improvement of logic programming can be used as a tool for the development of such decision support systems. Constraint logic programming is an integrated paradigm of logic modelling and mathematical programming. It has a modelling and analysis capacity for problems containing both qualitative and quantitative constraints; it has well-established declarative and procedural semantics, which reduce the model builder's burden to specify problem solving procedures as a part of a model. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of constraint logic programming as a potential decision support system tool, focusing on the model representation and analysis aspects.1867^?1Seffino, L.A. Medeiros, C.B. Rocha, J.V. Yi, B.1999=WOODSS - a spatial decision support system based on workflows105Decision Support Systems271, 2ngeographic information systems, scientific workflows, spatial decision support systems, environmental planning1999&Environmental planning takes advantage of geographic information systems (GIS) to manage geographic data. GIS are, however, tools which require a great deal of training and programming expertise and, furthermore, have little support for decision makers during their planning activities. This paper presents WOrkflOw-based spatial Decision Support System (WOODSS) ¯¯ a software developed at the University of Campinas, Brazil, to be used in conjunction with a GIS in order to provide spatial decision support involving environmental data. WOODSS was implemented on top of a commercial GIS and tested in the context of agri-environmental planning activities. WOODSS is centered on dynamically capturing user interactions with a GIS in real time and documenting them by means of scientific workflows. It keeps track of decision procedures, models applied and the choice of parameters in running these models. WOODSS's workflows can be updated on the fly, allowing testing and comparison of alternative planning strategies. They can, furthermore, be used as building blocks for the construction of complex decision procedures, supporting a divide-and-conquer problem solution style. These workflows interact directly with the GIS, sparing environmental planners and decision makers the burden of low-level programming.1918L?$Kahai, S.S. Solieri, S.A. Felo, A.J.1998hActive involvement, familiarity, framing, and the illusion of control during decision support system use133Decision Support Systems232_Decision support systems, Illusion of control, interactive problem solving, end user computing.1998Results of a laboratory experiment on Decision Support System (DSS) use indicated that (a) active involvement in model building and data entry, (b) familiarity with model execution and the decision situation, and (c) consistency between a normative solution and the alternative encouraged by the problem frame led to an illusion of control, defined as an unwarranted inflation in expectations of success. Furthermore, higher expectations of success were associated with greater user satisfaction, better mood, and lower preference for thinking more before making the final decision. Higher expectations of success were less likely to be associated with preference for creating another model but were more likely to be associated with preference for further refinements to the existing DSS model before making the final decision. However, variations in expectations of success induced by sources of illusion of control were not associated with variations in decision performance. Implications for practice and research are presented.1691?KKohli, R. Piontek, F. Ellington, T. VanOsdol, T. Shepard, M. Brazel, G.2001|Managing customer relationships through E-business decision support applications: a case of hospital-physician collaboration171-187Decision Support Systems322{physician profiling, customer relationship management, decison support system, electronic commerce, e-business, health careCustomer Relationship Management (CRM) is a valuable concept for hospitals to establish long-term physician relationships. Given predetermined reimbursement amounts, clinical interventions by physicians can significantly impact hospital profitability and quality. Therefore, disseminating quality and cost information to physicians can build lasting relationships, while insuring financial stability. This paper presents a CRM approach adopted by a hospital through a web-based Physician Profiling System (PPS). We discuss physician involvement in PPS development and present a high-level cost-benefit analysis. Post-deployment results indicate that PPS strengthened relationship with physicians, improved efficiency of clinical operations, while simultaneously improving patient satisfaction.11034?Courtney, J.F.2001rDecision making and knowledge management in inquiring organizations: Toward a new decision-making paradigm for DSS17Decision Support Systems311ldecision support systems, knowledge management, inquiring systems, inquiring organizations, wicked decisions2001BOrganizational decisions of the future may include social, environmental, and economic concerns, and be much more "wicked" [Policy Sciences, 4 (1973) 155], complex and interconnected than those of the past. Organizations and their decision support systems must embrace procedures that can deal with this complexity and go beyond the technical orientation of previous DSS. Singerian inquiring organizations [Australian Journal of Information Systems, 6 (1) (1998) 3; http://www.cba.uh.edu/~parks/fis/fis.htm (1998); Proceedings of 3rd Americas Conference on Information Systems, Indianapolis, August 1997, p. 293; Proceedings of the 1999 Meeting of the America's Conference on Information Systems, Milwaukee, August 1999; Special Issue of Information Systems Frontiers on Philosophical Reasoning in Information Systems Research (in press)], based on Churchman's [The Design of Inquiring Systems: Basic Concepts of Systems and Organization, Basic Books, New York, NY, 1971] inquiring systems and Mitroff and Linstone's [The Unbounded Mind: Breaking the Chains of Traditional Business Thinking, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1993] unbounded systems thinking (UST), are designed to deal with wicked decision situations. This paper discusses DSS and knowledge management in Singerian organizations and calls for a new decision-making paradigm for DSS.71030?3Shaw, M.J. Subramaniam, C. Tan, G,W. Welge, M.E.20012Knowledge management and data mining for marketing127Decision Support Systems311_data mining, knowledge management, marketing decision support, customer relationship management2001Due to the proliferation of information systems and technology, businesses increasingly have the capability to accumulate huge amounts of customer data in large databases. However, much of the useful marketing insights into customer characteristics and their purchase patterns are largely hidden and untapped. Current emphasis on customer relationship management makes the marketing function an ideal application area to greatly benefit from the use of data mining tools for decision support. A systematic methodology that uses data mining and knowledge management techniques is proposed to manage the marketing knowledge and support marketing decisions. This methodology can be the basis for enhancing customer relationship management.11071k? Zhang, P.1998<An image construction method for visualizing managerial data371Decision Support Systems234information visualization, decision making support, manufacturing production planning, project scheduling with resource constraints and cash flow.1998;High volume data with complicated relationships can render human decision-making a frustrating task. Computer-generated visualization is an approach that can assist decision-makers in gaining insight into the data so that eventually superior solutions can be developed. Current research in visualization has addressed how to deal with high volume data that have some inherent structures (such as hierarchy, network, or geographical relationships). Many management domains, however, have data that lack obvious structures to provide a base for computer-generated visualization. This paper reports a specially designed technique for visualizing such management data. Data objects involved in the decision-making tasks are assigned with geometry (called visual abstract) in Euclidean space. Then a set of image construction rules are applied to connect multiple visual abstracts into images that can be displayed on a computer screen. We use two business domains, manufacturing production planning and resource constrained project scheduling, to illustrate this visualization technique.1886e?Borenstein, D.1998?Towards a practical method to validate decision support systems227Decision Support Systems233<assessment, decision support systems, evaluation, validation1998Validation is important to the decision-making success and to the continued use of a Decision Support System (DSS). Without proper validation, DSSs may cause costly errors. However, little is known about available effective methods to validate such computer-based systems. In this paper a new method to validate DSS is presented. The approach combines several validation methods developed to validate Operations Research/Management Science (OR/MS) models and expert systems validation frameworks to define a practical guidance for the validation stage of the DSS development. A case study illustrates the effectiveness of the developed method.1876?%Chari, K. Baker, J.R. Lattimore, P.K.1998:A decision support system for partial drug testing: DSS-DT241Decision Support Systems233WDSS application, acceptance sampling DSS, criminal justice system support, drug testing1998 This paper presents a Decision Support System (DSS) for the application of partial drug testing to a population of individuals with a history of drug abuse. The need for such a system arose in response to a 40% reduction in drug testing funds allocated to probation offices in the State of Illinois' Intensive Drug Supervision Programs (IDSP) in 1995. Recent work in adapting single-attribute Bayesian acceptance sampling to the problem of drug testing in `at risk' populations has shown that the total cost of sampling can be reduced without adversely affecting the proportion of users in the population. The DSS for Drug Testing (DSS-DT) allows users the opportunity to: (1) readily access information about the prior distribution of drug use by population and drug type; (2) generate optimal sampling plans based on current population inputs; (3) generate near-optimal sampling plans using a heuristic; and (4) evaluate the sensitivity of the solution to changes in various input parameters for the drug testing model. Use of DSS-DT expedites the dissemination of the partial drug testing results while offering information and budget planning support to planners charged with implementing a random drug testing procedure.1877?!Jiang, J.J. Klein, G. Pick, R.A.1998TA marketing category management system: A decision support system using scanner data259Decision Support Systems233Ldecision support systems, marketing management, scanner data, BVAR forecasts1998Point-of-sale scanner data provides a unique opportunity for analyzing consumer package goods (CPG) trends and patterns. Decisions of ever-increasing complexity are made possible by the amount of data available. Unfortunately, the analysis of such voluminous data requires complex techniques and processing requirements not available to many marketing decision makers. In this paper, we describe a prototype system which allows users to manage the complex models and scanner data to make forecasts in an interactive fashion. A limited test of the prototype allowed users not familiar with the underlying models to develop product forecasts.1878?%Maniezzo, V. Mendes, I. Paruccini, M.1998$Decision support for siting problems273Decision Support Systems233`spatial decision support systems, multi-criteria decision analysis, combinatorial optimaization.1998Despite the development of mathematics of location theory and its obvious economic impact, few applications have been developed and are actually in use to support decision makers in siting decisions. The obstacles that hinder a more widespread exploitation of mathematical results are twofold: the intrinsic difficulties of the relevant problems and the tradeoff to be balanced between the different objectives. The article presents the results obtained in the implementation of a Decision Support system applied to the problem of locating installations for industrial waste management. This DSS is based on multicriteria decision analysis for the best siting of plants, minimizing costs and environmental impacts. The proposed approach identifies a hierarchy of objectives, where at the top level we solve a 0/1 fixed cost transportation problem (FCTP). This is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem that can only be solved heuristically for real world problem sizes. A number of good solutions of the single objective problem are combined to produce efficient alternatives, to be further evaluated by means of multicriteria methods. Computational results both of the FCTP and of the whole systems are provided.1879? Ba, S. Lang, K.R. Whinston, A.B.19975Enterprise decision support using Intranet technology99Decision Support Systems202henterprise modeling, decision support systems, knowledge management, automatic model building, intranets1997We present a knowledge-based enterprise modeling framework that automatically builds and executes task-specific models in response to user queries. This framework bases its reasoning about a particular organization upon a library of knowledge representing significant organizational phenomena from different perspectives and at different levels of detail. The system is aimed at providing fast cycle responses to decrease organizational error and support strategic decision-making. The focus is on how to improve model building and how to extract the relevant knowledge to support specific analyses of corporate issues. An Intranet-based prototype implementation is presented to illustrate the ideas and concepts.1847?%Fazlollahi, B. Parikh, M.A. Verma, S.1997!Adaptive decision support systems297Decision Support Systems204decision support systems, active decision support, intelligent decision support, adaptive support, DSS architecture, cognitive support.1997The effectiveness of decision support systems (DSS) is enhanced through dynamic adaptation of support to the needs of the decision maker, to the problem, and to the decision context. We define this enhanced DSS as adaptive decision support systems (ADSS) and propose its architecture. In an ADSS, the decision maker controls the decision process. However, the system monitors the process to match support to the needs. The proposed architecture evolves from the traditional DSS models and includes an additional intelligent `Adaptation' component. The `Adaptation' component works with the traditional data, model, and interface components to provide adaptive support. The architecture also integrates enhancements proposed in the past research. In this paper, we have illustrated the proposed architecture with two examples, a prototype system, and results from a preliminary empirical investigation.1929&?Fierbinteanu, C.1999vA decision support systems generator for transportation demand forecasting implemented by constraint logic programming179Decision Support Systems263decision support systems generator, constraint logic programming, transportation demand forecasting, ontology, computational geometry, network flows.1999In this paper we propose a framework for a decision support systems (DSS) generator for constrained search problems, implemented by constraint logic programming (CLP). We illustrate this concept by the implementation of a DSS generator for transportation demand forecasting. The user interface of the DSS generator is an intelligent, graphical editor that supports the construction of a specific DSS from basic building blocks. Additional constraints are specified as distinct building blocks, and the constraint solver of the host CLP language is extended with domain-specific constraint manipulation. The design of the system is based on ontological modeling. The originality of our approach, which achieves the transition from custom imperative programming to declarative programming in the field of transportation demand forecasting, consists of the model of the generator, as well as of the constraint logic solver for network flow problems.1810?%Purao, S. Jain, H.K. Nazareth, D.L.1999PSupporting decision making in combinatorially explosive multicriteria situations225Decision Support Systems263dcombinatorial optimization, multiple criteria decision making, decision support systems, satisficing1999Several real-world problems, including distributed system design and product design among others, are characterized by combinatorially explosive solution spaces as well as multiple, conflicting criteria. Strategies for finding near-optimal solutions, developed for combinatorial problems, are not applicable in such situations, which require a balance between extensive computation and continual interaction. This makes support or automation of these decisions a difficult task. Current approaches to solve these problems fall in three categories: analytical, genetic algorithm-based approaches and local generators. They frequently assume well-behaved functions and clear understanding of interdependencies among criteria. Many such problems, however, present noisy and discontinuous evaluation functions and contain holistic interdependencies among these functions, rendering these solution approaches inadequate for these problems. We propose a theoretically grounded approach for decision support for this class of problems. The approach combines broad and deep searches with decision-maker feedback that allows the decision-maker to guide and/or stop the search. Specifically, it provides the decision-maker information about (a) the search spaces explored/probed so far, and (b) the search space not yet explored (or may never be explored). We operationalize the approach in a two-phase solution procedure. The first phase ¯¯ broad characterization of search spaces ¯¯ requires choices about randomization, sampling and decision space estimation techniques. The second phase ¯¯ iterative local probes ¯¯ requires choices about local search heuristics, and fuzzy interpretations based on which the decision-maker can evaluate alternatives and/or stop the search. We demonstrate a specific instantiation of the approach for a multicriteria object assignment problem to verify the feasibility of our approach.1813P?Vahidov, R. Elrod, R.1999/Incorporating critique and argumentation in DSS249Decision Support Systems263Pdecision support systems, critiquing systems, argumentation, intelligent agents.1999bThis paper proposes a framework for a decision support system (DSS) based on critique and argumentation. We make a distinction between positive and negative types of critique and argue that both of them are valuable in making substantiated decisions. We further propose use of debate and argumentation as means for more informative decision support. We discuss the types of knowledge used for critiquing and the appropriate form of knowledge representation. The architecture of the proposed DSS contains intelligent critiquing agents which provide the user with the qualitative feedback on candidate decisions.1814?Lang, K.R. Whinston, A.B.19995A design of a DSS intermediary for electronic markets181Decision Support Systems253yDSS, organizational design, complementarity, digital services, electronic markets, software components, object technology1999jThis paper examines the decision support systems (DSS) area and concludes that the emergence of electronic markets, together with other advances in information and software technology, will have a strong impact on the DSS industry. Drawing on economic theory, we develop a new, more cost-effective and more flexible organizational design for the future DSS firm.1881#?Bui, T. Lee, J.1999>An agent-based framework for building decision support systems225Decision Support Systems253`decision support systems, systems analysis and design, software agents, organizational computing1999This paper proposes a framework for building decision support systems using software agent technology to support organizations characterized by physically distributed, enterprise-wide, heterogeneous information systems. Intelligent agents have offered tremendous potential in supporting well-defined tasks such as information filtering, data mining and data conversion. However, the use of intelligent agents to support decisions has not been explored and merits serious consideration. This paper proposes a taxonomy of agent characteristics that can be used to help identify agents to support different types of decision tasks. We advocate a goal-directed, behavior-based architecture for building cooperative decision support using agents. We look at the development of agent-based DSS as being a process of putting together a coordinated workflow of collaborating agents that is able to support a problem-solving process. The methodology is illustrated by a selection of intelligent agents to support Crisis Action Procedures in a large organization.1873?Rao, G.R. Turoff, M.2000aA hypermedia-based group decision support system to support collaborative medical decision-making187Decision Support Systems302GDSS, medical decision making, diagnostic reasoning, collaborative MDM, MEDICALWARE, hypermedia-based GDSS, hypertext morphology, cognitive processes, GDSS architecture.2000The systematic evolution of a hypermedia-based group decision support system (GDSS) architecture to support collaborative medical decision-making (MDM) is presented in this paper. This GDSS is for subsequent use by designers and researchers in the GDSS/medical informatics arena who can use several or parts of the presented architecture for effecting collaborative MDM. The GDSS design also supports various levels of inference-based medical support ranging from the lower diagnostic levels to the higher clinical levels. The evolution of this architecture incorporated systematic research and investigation of the basic elements of the MDM process, associated procedures, tools and the potential impact of different characteristics of medical groups. This architecture incorporates clinical reasoning and problem-solving features identified through an analysis of the schools of MDM from a GDSS perspective. (continued)2923?Ong, K, Lee, R.M.1996jA decision support system for bureaucratic policy administration: An abductive logic programming approach.21Decision Support Systems161ldecision support systems, bureaucracy, policies, logic programming, abduction, inconsistency, deontic logic.1996A bureaucracy can be viewed as a set of policies that governs the activities of its people. The purpose of these policies is to improve operational effectiveness and efficiency. However, manual administration of these policies is a tedious and often overwhelming task because it is too cognitively demanding to keep track of the complex relationships between the policies. As a result, these policies often consist of many inconsistencies (conflicts) as they evolve because there is no automated means to aid the administrators in detecting inconsistencies. In this paper, we present an approach that uses abductive logic programming for building a decision support system for the administration of bureaucratic policies. The system will help administrators decide the consistency of a policy with respect to the current set of policies and hence, prevent the introduction of inconsistent policies.1437#?Ramesh, B. Sengupta, K.19958Multimedia in a design rationale decision support system181Decision Support Systems153Kdesign rationale, multimedia, decision support, concept map, argumentation.1995/The capture and use of design rationale information is widely recognized to be essential for the design and maintenance of large systems. Design rationale information needs to be captured from a variety of sources and contexts. A design rationale management system should be capable of representing and reasoning with both formal and informal information. REMAP/MM is a hypermedia decision support system that facilitates the capture of different types of design rationale knowledge using multiple media. The design rationale knowledge is represented using a conceptual model that includes the Issue Based Information Systems (IBIS) designed to model deliberations, a primary source of design rationale. The system incorporates models of multimedia components of design rationale, thereby facilitating reasoning with this knowledge. Decision support for the various stakeholders in systems development is provided in the areas of management of system evolution, system maintenance with changing requirements, design replay, and fulfilling ad hoc information requirements.1448?#Bellone, M. Merlino, M. Pesenti, R.1995+ISPM: A DSS for personnel career management219Decision Support Systems153>DSS experience, human resource management, enterprise modeling1995A decision support system (ISPM) to assist the user in personnel career management is presented. The system has been designed mainly to deal with the problem of establishing what training a human resource should undergo before occupying a job position. However, the system is also able to suggest both a set of job positions for a human resource with a given competence and the possible relations of a new job position inside an existing job-organization structure.1645_?Pearson, J.M. Shim, J.P.1995?An empirical investigation into DSS structures and environments141Decision Support Systems132@decision support systems, DSS development, environmental factors1995oIn order to insure that a decision support system meets the needs of the user, it is necessary to understand the environment in which the DSS operates and the factors that make up the environment. This research identifies specific DSS structures and their relationship with key environmental factors. Five specific DSS structures were identified and tested against ten environmental factors identified in literature as impacting DSS structures. All five of the DSS structures were significantly influenced by different combinations of the ten environmental factors tested. A framework for DSS development is also presented.1605?Owens, H.D. Philippakis, A.S.1995AInductive consistency in knowledge-based decision support systems167Decision Support Systems132Nknowledge-based decision support systems, integrity control, induction support1995Efforts to integrate knowledge into Decision Support Systems have lead to approaches that incorporate induction techniques to derive rules from data. Such integration efforts create a new integrity control challenge for Knowledge-Based Decision Support Systems. The challenge is recognizing and coping with change. In this paper, we analyze the inductive consistency relationship that exists between data and inductively derived rules and present a strategy for recognizing violations of the inductive consistency relationship. The recognition of integrity problems provides a first defense toward refining knowledge in a Knowledge-Based Decision Support System.5603?Benbasat, I. Todd, P.1996dThe effects of decision support and task contingencies on model formulation: A cognitive perspective241Decision Support Systems174imodel formulation, decision support systems, cognitive cost-benefit approach, behavioural decision making1996This paper takes a cognitive cost-benefit approach to understanding model formulation. Work in the behavioral decision literature on the role of effort and accuracy in choice tasks indicates that effort, or cognitive cost, is a key factor in understanding decision behavior. However, the model formulation literature does not discuss how effort interacts with other factors, such as task complexity and decision aids, to influence model formulation. In this paper, based on the work on the cost-benefit theories of cognition, we posit that two types of effort, namely that associated with building or formulating a model and that associated with utilizing that model in the solution of a problem, will influence model formulation. We then examine how the methods used in the behavioral decision making literature and the reported findings concerning the interaction of effort with task and decision aids can be utilized to understand model formulation.11076?Raghunathan, S.1996JA structured modeling based methodology to design decision support systems299Decision Support Systems174TDSS design, modeling, structured modeling, systems development, design methodologies1996Many Decision Support Systems (DSS) support the decision making process through the use of mathematical models and data. DSS design involves modeling data as well as mathematical relationships in a domain. The process of model formulation and subsequent integration of model with data in a DSS is a complex and ill-structured process. This paper proposes a methodology based on Structured Modeling (SM), originally introduced by Geoffrion together with the modeling language SML, to model and design the DSS. The methodology includes rigorous and step by step procedures to design and integrate data and modelbases. The main contribution of our approach lies in the integration of research in database design, and mathematical model formulation within the structured modeling framework. The resultant procedures can be easily automated and taught to students in DSS courses. The motivation for our research stemmed from our constant frustrations in teaching DSS courses over the last five years. In the last two years, when we used our methodology, the performance of the students improved significantly. The average score in the DSS project went up to 85 from 60. Our positive experience in using our methodology in classes over the past two years suggests that the methodology imposes structure into the analysis of decision problems, and as a result students produce better DSS designs for classroom cases.11029?"Grabot, B. Blanc, J-C. Binda, C.19969A decision support system for production activity control87Decision Support Systems162\Decision support, production management, production activity control, fuzzy logic, data base1996The increase of manufacturing system flexibility makes variations in routings, operations, machines or operators possible. These degrees of freedom may be used at the Production Activity Control (PAC) level in order to react to unpredictable events such as machine failures, absence of operators or changes in the workshop environment. In order to manage these degrees of freedom, we suggest a Decision Support System that should make the choice of solutions easier in order to reduce the consequences of a failure. This DSS complements the scheduling module of the PAC system since it may be used, either in order to slightly modify an existing schedule, or to choose the scheduling hypothesis. This DSS uses fuzzy logic and theory of possibility because of the imprecision and uncertainty of the information managed, first to model the objectives, then to spread the expected consequences of an imprecisely known event.1891d?Kwon, O.B. Park, S.J.1996.RMT: A modeling support system for model reuse131Decision Support Systems162decision support systems, meta system, model reuse, modeling support system, reverse modeling, object-oriented model management1996IThe ability to reuse models is an important issue for DSS modeling productivity. This paper presents a prototype system to support model reuse called RMT (Reverse Modeling Tool). The system is based on a framework which promotes reusability of DSS models using an idea of reverse modeling. Contrary to the typical modeling life-cycle, reverse modeling focuses on the identification, extraction, and reorganization of model constructs from existing models. RMT consists of: (1) a meta system that defines meta models to capture generic knowledge on model building, (2) a model translator that translates models into reusable model constructs, and (3) a model base. An object-oriented database (OODB) is adopted as a model base, which identifies model constructs as objects. The prototype system is developed using ONTOS on a UNIX workstation.1893e?+Palvia, P. Kumar, A. Kumar, N. Hendon, R.1996JInformation requirements of a global EIS: An exploratory macro assessment.169Decision Support Systems162executive information systems, information requirements, international/global information systems, global EIS, global EIS foundations, empirical research1996 Rapid changes in the world economy and politics have accelerated the drive of businesses into international expansion. Information technology (IT) has made an important contribution in both the facilitation and the driving of a global business. As a result of globalization, senior executives in corporations need the ability to monitor important global information in order to spot problems as well as identify opportunities anywhere in the world. The current executive information systems (EISs) that are receiving heightened attention by both executives and researchers are largely domestic in nature. This paper argues that future executive information systems would have to be increasingly global in scope and would be vital for conducting global business. We call such systems global EISs. An exploratory study has been conducted which identifies, in macro categories, the types of information required by executives in a global EIS, the current level of use of such information, and the sources of such information.379S?Datta, A. Thomas, H.1999hThe cube data model: a conceptual model and algebra for on-line analytical processing in data warehouses289Decision Support Systems273Data warehouse, on-line analytical processing (OLAP) relational OLAP (ROLAP) conceptual data models, algebra, multidimensional databases, decision support databases, data cube model.1999Data warehousing and On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) are two of the most significant new technologies in the business data processing arena. A data warehouse can be defined as a "very large" repository of historical data pertaining to an organization. OLAP refers to the technique of performing complex analysis over the information stored in a data warehouse. The complexity of queries required to support OLAP applications makes it difficult to implement using standard relational database technology. Moreover, there is currently no standard conceptual model for OLAP. There is clearly a need for such a model and an algebra as evidenced by the numerous SQL extensions offered by many vendors of OLAP products. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a model of a data cube and an algebra to support OLAP operations on this cube. The model we present is simple and intuitive, and the algebra provides a means to concisely express complex OLAP queries.314?Benbasat, I. Nault, B, R.1990AAn evaluation of empirical research in managerial support systems203Decision Support Systems63Decision support systems, group decision support systems, expert systems, decision support aids, effects of support systems use, design of support systems, review of empirical DSS research, DSS research strategies.1990This paper describes, summarizes and comments on the empirical studies in the use of three information technologies to support managerial activities: decision support systems (DSS), group decision support systems (GDSS), and expert systems (ES). (continued)7164y?Gerlach, J. Kuo, F-Y.1990rAn approach to dialog management for presentation and manipulation of composite models in decision support systems227Decision Support Systems63Ldecision support systems, model management, user interface, semantic network1990NThis paper discusses an object-oriented approach to user interface design that facilitates the exploration of components of a composite model based DSS. A semantic network of objects is used as the framework to organise the user interface representation. The network is graphically represented and can be directly manipulated by the user. It serves as a framework to assist the user in understanding the conceptual model underlying the DSS. As a result, the network representation should support both fast user learning of the system and easy user control of actions when using the DSS.1185?(Reisman, S, Johnson, T. W. Mayes, B.T.1992HGroup decision program. A videodisc-based group decision support system169Decision Support Systems82Pgroup decision support systems, interactive video-disc, nominal group technique.1992In recent years group decision support systems have been developed to improve the process of group-making and improve its outcomes. This paper describes Group Decision Program (GDP), an interactive videodisc-based GDSS. (continued)2936G?Dempster, M.A.H. Ireland, A.M.1991HObject-oriented model integration in a financial decision support system329Decision Support Systems74wModel management, model integration, scenario based dynamic stochastic programming, financial decision support systems.1991Decision support systems for users without modeling expertise require domain-specific modeling knowledge to translate between conceptual and mathematical problem views. In complex, dynamic decision situations using multiple model types, the system must create and modify individual models to reflect changing conditions and assumptions, maintain consistency among different models in the same decision situation and allow communication among models for their complementary use, all without relying on user expertise. (continued)5363?Raghavan, S.A.1991.JANUS. A paradigm for active decision support379Decision Support Systems74hDecision support, active support, intelligence support, intelligent agents, idea simulation, critiquing.1991Active decision support is concerned with developing advanced forms of decision support where the suupport tools are capable of actively participating in the decision making process, and decision are made by fruitful collaboration between the human and the machine. It is currently an active and leading area of research within the field of decision support systems. The objective of this paper is to share the details of our research in this area. We present our overall research strategy for exploring advanced forms of decision support and discuss in detail our research prototype called JANUS that implements our ideas. We establish the contributions of our work and discuss our experiences and plans for the future.5366?Park, S.J. Kim, H.D.1993GConstraint-based metaview approach for modeling environment generation.325Decision Support Systems94Decision support system, modeling environment, conceptual framework, software integration, prototyping, metaview approach, structured modeling.1993Modeling environments for decision support systems (DSS's) play an important role in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of model-related work. The task of developing such an environment, however is complicated and time-consuming. To improve the productivity and quality involved in the development of modeling environments, a metaview approach for generating these environments is proposed in this paper. (continued)1608N?)Garnder, C.L. Marsden, J.R. Pingry, D.E.1993?The design and use of laboratory experiments for DSS evaluation369Decision Support Systems94cDSS, DSS evaluation, DSS experiments, induced value experiments, DSS portfolio, ex-ante evaluation.1993+DSS evaluation may be either ex-post or ex-ante. In the former, evaluation focuses on determining the actual result of DSS implementation. In the latter, emphasis is on predicting the likely impact of DSS alternatives on a given task set or on estimating relationships between DSS characteristics and taks set(s) performance. If a firm can, ex-ante, effectively estimate or predict the performance of varying DSS on arrays of tasks or task sets, then it can avoid costly DSS selection errors and gain competitive and strategice advantages. (continued)1610o?Courtney, J.F. Paradice, D.B.19931Studies in managerial problem formulation systems413Decision Support Systems94problem formulation, problem solving, graphical interface, decision support system, expert system, knowledge-based system, automated discovery.1993:A series of projects to develop decision support systems for managerial problem formulation is described. Problem-solving theory from cognitive psychology is integrated with problem structuring techniques (cognitive mapping and structural modeling) to provide the theoretical foundation for the work. (continued)7612#?Sebastian, H-J.1990FKnowledge based discrete control problems: A decision support approach285Decision Support Systems641990yThe aim of this paper is to applicate the theory and methods of Knowledge Based Systems (KBS) in combination with DSS concepts to develop more practical control models, to reach more efficient and user-friendly solution methods which determine closed optimal controls or control strategies, and to include learning and explanatory abilities into models and solution procedures.5362? Ehrenberg, D.1990$Expert systems for inventory control293Decision Support Systems64eDecision support systems, expert systems, inventory control, material disposition, management systems1990The success and impact of current DSS remain rather limited within organizations. These limitations can be offset by integrating artificial intelligence into DSS. This paper presents briefly the possiblity of combining DSS with expert system technology for management of inventories. An exemplary part of knowledge base for material disposition is described and some implementations for prototypes are discussed.5361?0van Dissel, H.G. Borgman, H.P. Beulens, A.J.M.1990`Task-allocation between DSS and problem owner: The example of Box & Jenkins time-series analysis339Decision Support Systems64Nproblem specification, task-allocation, decision support, time-series analysis1990The advent of so-called knowledge-based elements in DSS seems to shed new light on the allocation of tasks between decision maker and DSS. Expert Systems or Knowledge-based DSSs incorporate domain knowledge, thereby taking over tasks that used to be the sole responsibility of users and enalbing non-expert decision-makers to make expert-quality decisions. In view of these new capabilities, we critically analyse in this article the task-allocation between these 'enhanced' DSSs and the problem-owner. The discussion is based on a framework in which the unstructured nature of DSS tasks and the implied goals of the problem-owner play a central role. (continued)1359|?Schocken, S. Ariav, G.1994ANeural networks for decision support: Problems and opportunities393Decision Support Systems1157decision support systems, neural networks, applications1994Neural networks offer an approach to computing which - unlike conventional programming - does not necessitate a complete algorithmic specification. Furthermore, neural networks provide inductive menas for gathering, storing, and using, experiential knowledge. Incidentally, these have also been some of the fundamental motivations for the development of decision support systems in general. (continued)5225c?Hill, T. Remus, W.1994KNeural network models for intelligent support of managerial decision making449Decision Support Systems115Rneural networks, managerial decision making, back propagation, intelligent systems1994[Neural networks can provide advantages over conventional models of managerial decision making including being easy to embed in intelligent systems and learning from the data presented rather than requiring human interaction. This article reports a study of the ways in which neural networks can be used to model managerial judgement. (continued)5228*?9Caporaletti, L.E. Dorsey, R.E. Johnson, J.D. Powell, W.A.1994qA decision support system for in-sample simultaneous equaiton systems forecasting using artificial neural systems481Decision Support Systems115}decision support system, forecasting, simultaneous equation systems forecasting, artificial neural network, genetic algorithmDecision support systems have been proposed for many forecasting applications. Unfortunately no work has been done in the development of decision support systems for simultaneous equaition systems (SESs) forecasting, a very complex and difficult forecasting problem. In this paper the applicability of an artificial intelligence technology, artificial neural systems, for decision suuport in SESs forecasting is shown. (continued)5229? Pracht, W.E.1990]Model visualization: Graphical support for DSS problem structuring and knowledge organization13Decision Support Systems61model visualization, business problem modeling, interactive problem solving, interactive graphics, frames, frame-based knowledge representation, knowledge organization, problem restructuringWModel visualization is proposed as an approach for business problem model development and use within a Decision Support Systems environment. The goal of model visualization is to allow the model builder/user to form clear mental images of a model's structure and function. A model visualization system is a display-based system that (1) is designed for implementation in a managerially-friendly, interactive problem solving environment, (2) supports the creative task of discovering and modeling the structure of a complex problem, (3) provides the capability for modeling the behaviour of a system through time and (4) may serve as the basis for the incorporation of heuristic rules appropriate for model-based reasoning procedures. Efforts are currently underway to design, develop and implement a prototype model visualization system in Smalltalk/V.1149?Sen, A. Choobineh, J.1990XDeductive data modeling: A new trend in database management for decision support systems45Decision Support Systems61Ydeductive database, data modeling, decision support system (DSS), artificial intelligence1990Researchers in the data base area are now placing more and more emphasis on deductive data base management systems (D-DBMS). This paper discusses the use fo D-DBMS in decison support systems (DSS). (continued)7163? Dewan, R.M.1992FAn economics perspective on the usefulness of decision support systems293Decision Support Systems84decision support systems, programs, planning, noisy information, economics model, ad-hoc decisions, recurrent decisions, institutional decision support systems, Bayesian update cost, information assimilation cost.1992Decision making in a decision support system is modeled as a sequential information acquisition process with noisy information sources and costly information assimilation. The net benefit from using a Decision Support Systems approach is compared to that from a Programs approach. DSS provides greater benefits for ad-hoc decisions and this advantage increases as the information sources become noiser. Programs are preferred for recurrent decisions. Increased assimilation costs decrease the number of alternatives examined.1442?Gottinger, H.W. Weimann, H.P.1992$Intelligent decision support systems317Decision Support Systems84iintelligent decision support, expert systems, influence diagrams, decision theory, knowledge engineering.1992 This paper explores the basic ingredients of intelligent decision support systems in partial contrast to approaches followed by expert systems. Rule based expert systems for decision support have been successful for well structured, well understood decision situations of a taxonomic classification type. But, in general, A.I. has growing influence in software engineering for ill-structured application areas by supporting an incremental development process with new programming techniques and architectures. (continued)5440?Abraham, T. Wankel, C.1995@Supporting decision support: where information on DSS is located299Decision Support Systems144Decision support systems, DSS, management information systems, MIS, expert systems, executive support systems, ESS, model management systems, MMS, simulation, DSS research methods, online databases, information sources, bibliometrics.1995>DSS professionals may differ in their opinion and practice as to where they locate the most useful information relevant to their work. Online and other electronic form databases are increasingly becoming the key resources for literature searches. This study empirically copared 31 online databases identified as promising for DSS relevant information according to their coverage of DSS. Rankings for recent years and temporarily unconstrained conditions were obtained and discussed. INSPEC was the highest ranked database overall and for recent information. (continued)7421b?Balakrishnan, P.V. Jacob, V.S.1995HTriangulation in decision support systems: algorithms for product design313Decision Support Systems144cdynamic programming, genetic algorithms, heuristics, triangulation, product design, buyers' welfare1995@Often complex decision problems requiring decision aids, such as Decision Support Systems (DSS), do not have solution procedures that can generate an optimal solution in a realistic time period. This has led to the specification of heuristic solution procedures. However, the quality of the solution obtained using a heuristic in specific instances can be uncertain and may be open to debate. One approach to increase the confidence in the quality of the obtained solution is to use the triangulation approach recommended and often used in the social sciences. (continued)1477z?2Wilkenfeld, J. Kraus, S. Holley, K.M. Harris, M.A.19957GENIE: A decision support system for crisis negotiation369Decision Support Systems144decision support systems, negotiation international crisis, hostage crisis, simulations, user interface, evaluation, utility, experiments1995/Decision support systems can play a role in improving the ability of decision makers to act as utility maximizers in crisis situations. This paper demonstrates the ability of one such decision support system, GENIE, to help decison makers maximize their objectives in a crisis negotiation. (continued)1480 ?*Chang, A-M. Holsapple, C.W. Whinston, A.B.1993&Model management issues and directions19Decision Support Systems91analysis dynamics, concepts, development tools, DSS frameworks, environment, hyperknowledge, knowledge managment, knowledge system, language system, messages, model, model management presentation system, problem processor1993This paper examines two fundamental issues of model management: What is it that is being managed and what is the DSS context in which model management occurs. How a researcher answers these questions will shape ensuing research efforts. We then consider research directions that have been pursued in terms of the issues of developer tools, anlaysis dynamics, and usage settings. (continued)1678?Banerjee, S. Basu, A.19935Model type selection in an integrated DSS environment75Decision Support Systems91hmodel management, decision support systems, knowledge based systems, model selection, management science1993Effective computer based support for the use of analytic models in management decision making requires model management systems (MMS) that facilitate all phases of the modeling process. Existing approaches to the design of MMS commonly assume that the type of model needed to solve each problem is predetermined by the decision maker. This is a limited view, since determination of the appropriate model type is a difficult task, and is hampered by the subjective preferences of individuals. (continued)1682?#Piramuthu, S. Raman, N. Shaw, M.J.1993`Integration of simulation modeling and inductive learning in an adaptive decision support system127Decision Support Systems91cadaptive decision support systems, pattern-directed scheduling, inductive learning, model managment1993This paper presents a decision support system (DSS) with inductive learning capability for model management. Simulation is used as the primary environmnet for modeling manufacturing systems and their processes. We propose an adaptive DSS framework for incorporating machine learning into the real time scheduling of a flexible manufacturing system and flexible flow system. (continued)1685x? Niehaus, R.J.1995TEvolution of the strategy and structure of a human resource planning DSS application187Decision Support Systems143QHuman resource planning, downsizing, workforce planning models, goal programming.1995mA multi-year effort is described which resulted in the implementation of a series of human resource planning DSS application in the U.S. Navy shipyard community. These applications span both corporate (integrated management of eight shipyards navy-wide with 78,000 employees in 1986) and local (individual shipyards with 9,000 employees) perspectives. (continued)1432l? Bieber, M.1995MOn integrating hypermedia into decision support and other information systems251Decision Support Systems143bridge laws, decision support systems, filters, hypertext, hypermedia, hypermedia engine, information navigation, information systems architecture, integration.1995The goal of this research is to provide hypermedia functionality to all information systems that interact with people. Hypermedia is a concept involving access to information, embodying the notions of context-sensitive navigation, annootation and tailored presentation. This paer presents the architecture of a system-level hypermedia engine, designed both to manage full hypermedia functionality for an information system and to bind interface-oriented front-end systems with separate computation-oriented back-end systems. (continued)71054? Bobek, S.1992TA framework for integrating decision support systems into office information systems211Decision Support Systems83qdecision support, group support, knowledge based systems, learning, office information systems, self-adaptiveness1992Office information systems is presented as a network of decision support systems where the basis of linking decision support systems between them are decision making situations. After introducing concept of the network, basic components of it are breifly described. According to this context a model of decision support system which allows integration of different today known types of decision support systems is derived.7408? Strong, D.M.1992PDecision support for exception handling and quality control in office operations217Decision Support Systems93Gdecision support, exception handling, quality control, order fulfilment1992This paper compares and contrasts the approaches of tow companies to providing decision support within their office information systems. the offices examined in both companies perform order fulfilment functions. Examples from the companies are presented to illustrate options for providing decision support and the difficulties of matching computer-based support to an underlying office decision process. (continued)1409?"Arinze, B. Igbaria, M. Young, L.F.1992MA knowledge based decision support system for computer performance management501Decision Support Systems86performance of systems, knowledge-based systems, decision support, management of computing and information systems, performance and usage measurement.1992Computer systems managers make decisions about hardware and sofware selection, performance evaluation, capacity planning, and other resource variables on the basis of factual data, accounting data, subjective judgements, and assumptions about the resource consumption of the jobs being run. The importance of computer resource planning calls for effective support methods. A Knowledge-Based DSS (KBDSS) will be able to asist managers in making these policy decisions by utilizing knowledge of the existing configuration and its capabilities, the organizational computing environment, available external resources, and their suppliers. (continued)5418?'Hsu, W-L. Prietula, M.J. Thompson, G.L.1993'A mixed-initiative scheduling workbench245Decision Support Systems93@Decision support systems, scheduling, human-computer interaction1993In this paper we describe a decision support system for scheduling called MacMerl. This system weaves together numeric and symbolic computing techniques to form a 'scheduler's workbench'. MacMerl has two major components. The first is a Scheduling Kernel which includes a Generative Scheduler, a Constraint Checker, and a Reactive Scheduler. The second is a Manual Scheduler which permits the human to create or modify schedules and includes a Critiquer as well as access to routines in the Scheduling Kernel. (continued)1358>?Kendall, K.E. Schuldt, B.A.1993'Decentralizing decision support systems259Decision Support Systems93]Decision support systems, centralization, decentralization, drug enforcement, law enforcement1993GImproving effectiveness in a highly decentralized organization can be elusive. In the case of largely automonous drug and criminal investigators, working for a state patrol agency, it is extremely difficult. One possible solution was to develop and implement a case progression decision support system (DSS) for decision making support. This paper describes a field experiment undertaken to determine the effectiveness of using a decentralized DSS compared with a centralized one, as well as comparing the decentralized DSS with no formalized decision support system. (continued)1357? Weigel, H.S. Wilcox, S.P.1993,The Army's personnel decision support system281Decision Support Systems93personnel modeling, decision support systems, goal programming, network flow modeling, manpower planning, military manpower models, Markov (transition rate) personnel models.1993}The Army's enlisted personnel decision support system combines a variety of modeling techniques, such as goal programming, network models, linear programming, and Markov-type inventory projection, with a mangement information system to support analysis of personnel planning issues. Using a hierarchy of models, personnel planning decisions are coordinated from the macroscopic, public policy level to the very detailed, unit and military occupational specialty level. This decision support system employs models that combine the full range of modeling methodologies with mechanisms to assure integration between organizational levels.1355l? Dror, M. Shoval, P. Yellin, A.1991/Multiobjective linear programming. Another DSS221Decision Support Systems73'Interactive mulitobjective optimization1991The paper presents an interactive menu driven decision support system for Multiobjective Linear Programming (MOLP) problems. The main contribution of the system lies in the ease of interaction between the decision maker (DM) and the system which is achieved, in contrast with other systems, by DM directed construction of a weak order on system variables and objectives. In the interactive stage the DM points out which objective functions are to be improved relative to the candidate solutions presented. No tradeoff evaluations are required from the DM. In addition, priorities/preferences of variables and objectives can be modified throughout the solution process.14059? *van Hee. K.M, Somers, L.J. Voorhoeve, M.19913A modeling environment for decision support systems241Decision Support Systems731991We describe a formal framework for modeling and prototyping complex systems. Our framework consists of a meta-model for discrete event systems, a language based upon this meta-model and a software environment for editing and validating system descriptions. The possibilities for using our framework for decision support systems are indicated and illustrated by a job shop planning example.1404r? %Wang, M-J. J. Singh, H.P. Huang, W.V.1991-A decision support system for robot selection273Decision Support Systems73Robot selection, decision support system, fuzzy set membership function, marginal value function, multiple criteria decision making.1991DThis paper presents a decision support robot selection system which applies the fuzzy set method to this multicriteria decision making problem. The objective robot attributes are evaluated via marginal functions while the subjective robot attributes are evaluated via fuzzy set membership functions. Data from both evluations are finally processed such that a fuzzy set decision vector is obtained. Viewpoints of several members of a decision making body are integrated. Sensitivity analysis has shown that final choices can be varied whent the weight assignments are changed.5402?%Ghandforoush, P. Sen, T.K. Wander, M.1999SA decision support system for electric utilities: Compliance with the Clean Air Act261Decision Support Systems264$DSS application, electric utilities.1999The Clean Air Act (CAA) Amendments established an absolute national limit for sulfur dioxide emissions by the year 2000. The Act is based on a market-oriented system under which power plants will be granted 'emission allowances', each of which grants the right to emit a tone of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. Utilities that reduce their emissions below their allocated allowances may sell the additional allowances in what will presumable be a developing market. Utilities are free to choose how to comply with the Act, but a few generally recognized options are likely to form the basis for compliance strategies. While the options are known, the costs of implementing the options are not known with certainty. Each utility will need to determine the lowest cost, most effective strategy given its current configuration and generation requirements. The compliance strategy decision must also be presented and defended to the appropriate Public Utility Commission (PUC). This paper outlines a prototype decision support system (DSS) using an optimization engine integrated with a database to help aid utilities in making decisions regarding their compliance strategy. (continued)1784?Raghunathan, S.1999uImpact of information quality and decision-maker quality on decision quality: A theoretical model simulation analysis275Decision Support Systems264;DSS impact, decision quality, data quality, manager quality1999The impact of information technology (IT) on firm performance is widely studied but little understood. A common perception is that IT improves the quality of information, which, in turn, improves decision quality and performance. Several studies of IT-performance relationship have used managers' perceived as opposed to actual performance. We investigate the impact of information quality and decision-maker quality on actual decision quality using a theoretical and a simulation model. (continued)1785?%Eierman, M.A. Niederman, F. Adams, C.19953DSS theory: A model of constructs and relationships1Decision Support Systems141Xdecision support systems, group decision support systems, executive information systems.1995A theoretical framework for DSS research is developed in terms of the key elements of theory: domain boundaries, constructs, and relationships among constructs. Eight broad DSS constructs (environment, task, implementation strategy, DSS capability, DSS configuration, user, user behaviour, and performance) are indentified. Based on a review of the literature, 17 relationships among these constructs are examined. (continued)72144?Powell, P.L. Johnson, J.E.V.19950Gender and DSS design: The research implications27Decision Support Systems141Ddecision support systems, gender, decision taking, risk, confidence.1999MAlthough decisions and decision making lie at the heart of decision support systems (DSS) research, certain aspects of human decision-making have been neglected by DSS builders. One of these is the role of gender in decision-making. Decision support systems are constructed largely upon the assumption of an androgynous user, but, clearly, if males and females take decisions in different ways or prefer different styles of information, then their use of DSS may differ. This may have important organisational implications, especially as women ascend the corporate ladder. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the literature on gender differences and to highlight explicity the role of this literature in DSS design. It is hoped that, by raising dormant questions, the debate may be stimulated. Finally, a research agenda is suggested.12? Couillard, J.19934A decision support system for vehicle fleet planning49Decision Support Systems92Hdecision support systems, vehicle fleet planning, stochastic programming1993A decision support system (DSS) is developed to solve the fleet planning problem. The system can be used by fleet managers to plan fleet size and mix. The decision support system was designed to assist manager in every step of the planning process: (i) To forecast demand; (ii) to determine relevant criteria; (iii) to generate alternative plans; (iv) to assess alternative plans with respect to the criteria determined in ii) and, (v) to choose 'the best' plan. (continued)1354_?Marsden, J.R. Pingry, D.E.19937Theory of Decision Support Systems portfolio evaluation183Decision Support Systems92Idecision support systems, DSS evaluation, DSS theory, information systems1993mA theory is developed for the evaluation of Decision Support System portfolios in a for-profit firm. The critical relationship captured in this theory is between what Decision Support Systems do (increase the efficiency and effectiveness of search for structures for unstructured problems) and what they accomplish for the firm (solve unstructured problems). The resutling theory is used to develop testable hypotheses, some of which are counterintuitive. For example, we suggest that increasing the effectiveness of a DSS should lower its use, but increasing the efficiency of DSS should increase it use. (continued)7352l? Muhanna, W.A.1993FAn object-oriented framework for model manangement and DSS development217Decision Support Systems92OModel management, DSS development, object-oriented systems, structured modeling1993rThrough various studies, a number of model management (MM) issues have been addressed in the literature. There is a need to consolidate the various proposals and the different interpretations of the notion of a model. Towards this end, this paper proposes an object-oriented framework which provides a unifying context for MM research and DSS development. (continued)1350?'Siskos, Y. Zopounidis, C. Pouliezos, A.1994QAn integrated DSS for financing firms by an industrial development bank in Greece151Decision Support Systems122cfinanical analysis, corporate risk assessement, multivariate statistical methods, MCDM methods, DSS1994XThis paper presents an integrated DSS for the analysis and financing of firms by an industrial development bank in Greece. Firstly, the system evaluatioes the financial performance of firms (financial ratios of profitability, managerial performance, solvency) during a 5-year period and allows inferences about their development tendencies. Furthermore, multivariate statistical techniques (discriminant analysis, principal components analysis) are available to aid in the identification of the most significant financial ratios and in the grouping of the firms in coherent categories. (continued)1809?Ravichandran, R.1993DA decision support system for stochastic cost-volume-profit analysis379Decision Support Systems104idecision support systems, cost-volume-profit analysis, uncertainty, product mix programming, four moments1993A decision support system for applying cost-volume-profit analysis in an uncertain environment is presented. Product mix programming problem is considered when the contributions of the products are stochastic in nature. Previous studies in this area have assumed that the product contributions are normally distributed and are independent of each other. These assumptions are relaxed in this paper by using four moments of the contributions. (continued)1488?"Moormann, J. Lochte-Holtgreven, M.19938An approach for an integrated DSS for strategic planning401Decision Support Systems104YStrategic planning, decision support systems, DSS generator, financial modelling language1993Although Decision Support Systems (DSS) have become widespread in recent years for operational control their use in strategic decision-making has only rarely been seen. This study investigates how DSS technology can be applied in the process of strategic planning. The requirements of Strategic Decision Support (SDSS) are discussed and a conceptual frame for the construction of SDSS is developed. (continued)1489?'Ramirez, R.G. Ching, C. St Louis, R.D.1993AIndependence and mappings in model-based decision support systems341Decision Support Systems103gmodel management, linear programming, data independence, structured modeling, decision support systems.1993Independence of applications from logical and physical data structures is one of the cornerstoens of modern database systems. Similar concepts may be applied to model management in a decision support system (DSS) to faciliate model portability, sharing, and multi-purpose application. In this paper we defind the concepts of model/data and model/solver independence, present an extended architecture for DSS, and show its implementation. (continued)7951?Wolf, G.19940Schedule management: An object oriented approach373Decision Support Systems114;decision support system, scheduling, object oriented design1994In this paper we discuss the design of decision support systems, usable in several planning situations. We consider resource-constrained time-dependent scheduling problems with time as the important planning component. Instead of dealing with optimization aspects of the planning problem, we concentrate on schedule management, ie. stepwise planning with respect to primitive functions, like handling single decisions or constraints. (continued)1490%?Beroggi, G.E.G. Wallace, W.1994jA prototype decision support system in hypermedia for operational control of hazardous material shipments.1Decision Support Systems121decision support systems, hypermedia, operational risk assessment, hazardous material transportation, real-time transit control.1994Recent advances in information technology, in particular satellite location and communications, have made real-time transit control of hazardous materials feasible. The information exchange between mobile units and control centers can include text, audio, graphics, and video. Extensive data analyses at the control centers can help vehicles carrying hazardous materials to assess driving conditions and select safe and cost-effective routes. (continued)1221?Dewan, R.M. Hansen, S.C.1994lThe role of user capability and incentives in group and individual support systems: An economics perspective25Decision Support Systems121decision support systems, programs, group DSS, bayesian, bounded rationality, economics model, incentive conflict, non-cooperative game, organization chart.1994We model the decision making porcesses in decision support systems and prorgrams as sequential information acquisition processes and compare their usefulness. A Bayesian decision maker is shown to be indifferent between the two approaches. In contrast, a decision maker with bounded rationality prefers the decision support systems approach. The model is extended to group decision support systems where the interaction between the decision makers and the group facilitator is modelled as a non-cooperative economics game. (continued)1222?%Krause, P.J. Byers, P.J. Hajnal, S.1994)Formal specification and decision support189Decision Support Systems123KDSS development, formal specification, software engineering, KBS validation1994To gain widespread acceptance, decision support systems must be built to the highest possible standards. We believe techniques of formal specification and refinement have a valuable role to play in the development of certain components of decision support systems. We present a tutorial study of the use of formal specification focused on a system for maintaining deductive extensions of a knowledge base. The system being specified using an object-oriented variant of the specification langauage Z. (continued)19382?Yau, C. Davis, T.19942Using multi-criteria analysis for tenant selection233Management Science123eDecision support systems, multi-criteria analysis, information system managment, property management.19947Tenant selection is an important and operational problem for large propery investment and management companies. This paper presents an evolutionary prototyping project developed in conjunction with a long term programme of establishing a property management information system for a known company. (continued)1941@?#+Kwok, RC-W. Lee, J-N. Huynh, MQ. Pi, S-M.2002YRole of GSS on collaborative problem-based learning: A study on knowledge externalisation98'European Journal of Information Systems112002]Based on the success of using Group Support Systems to support collaborative work, a growing community of GSS researchers investigates the potential of GSS in business education with special attention to collaborative learning. This paper extends their work and proposes a model of collaborative problem-based learning (CPBL). Based on the proposed model, we explain the effects of GSS on CPBL in general, and externalisation of learners' contributions (initiated ideas, questions and feedback) in particular. A controlled experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of GSS on externalization of the learners' contibutions in a CPBL environment. The results indicate that learners in an anonymous GSS-supported CPBL environment externalise more initiated ideas, fewer questions, and fewer but better feedback than those in a non-GSS supported one.2899?$#Ba, S. Stallaert, J. Whinston, A.B.2001sResearch Commentary: Introducing a third dimension in information systems design - the case for incentive alignment225Information Systems Research123information systems design, incentive alignment, distributed decision support systems, knowledge management, supply chain coordination.2001Prior research has generated considerable knowledge on information systems design from software engineering and user-acceptance perspectives. As organizational porcesses are increasingly embedded within information systems, one of the key considerations of many business processes - organizational incentives - should become an important dimension of any information systems design and evaluation, which we categorize as the third dimension: incentive alignment. Incentive issues have become important in many IS areas, including distributed decision support systems (DSS), knowldege management, and e-business supply chain coordination. In this paper we outline why incentives are important in each of these areas and specify requirements for designing incentive-aligned information systems. We identify and define important unresolved problems along the incentive-alignment dimension of information systems and present a research agenda to address them.7144<?%Thomas, H. Datta, A.2001^A conceptual model and algebra for on-line analytical processing in decision support databases83Information Systems Research121Data warehouse, on-line analytical processing (OLAP), data models, algebra, multidimensional databases, decision support databases2001Data warehousing and On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP) are two of the most significant new technologies in the business data processing arena. A data warehouse, or decison support database, can be defined as a "very large" repository of historical data pertaining to an organization. OLAP refers to the technique of perfomring complex analysis over the information stored in a data warehouse. The complexity of queries required to support OLAP applications makes it difficult to implement using standard relational database technology. Moreover, currentl there is no standard conceptual model for OLAP. There clearly is a need for such a model and an algebra as evidenced by the numerous SQL extensions offered by many vendors of OLAP products. In this paper we address this issue by proposing a model of a data cube and an algebra to support OLAP operations on this cube. The model we present is simple and intuitive, and the algebra provides a means to cincesly express complex OLAP queries.4130?&Lerch, F.J. Harter, D.E.20017Cognitive support for real-time dynamic decision making63Information Systems Research121Ydecision support, dynamic decision making, real-time environments, individual differences2001This research examines how decision makers manage their attentional resources when making a series of interdependent decisions in a real-time environment. Decision strategies for real-time dynamic tasks consist of two main overlapping congitive activities: monitoring and control. Montoring refers to decision makers' tracking of key system variables as they work toward arriving at a decision. Control refers to the decision maker's generation, evaluation, and selection of alternative actions. In real-time tasks, these two activities compete for the same attentional resources. The questions that motivate the two studies presented here are: (1) can decision making be improved by increasing individuals' attentional resources, thereby enhancing their ability to monitor the system, and (2) can decision making be improved by providing individuals with feedback and/or feedforward control support? Our findings show that some kinds of cognitive support degrade performance, rather than enhance it. These results indicate that providing support for real-time dynamic decision making may be very difficult, and that designing effective decision aids requires understanding of the underlying cognitive processes.167?'Wilson, E.V. Zigurs, I.19990Decisional guidance and end-user display choices493Accounting, Management and Information Technologies91999Powerful desktop computers with commercial spreadsheet and presentation software empower computer users to produce their own data displays, choosing from an ever-increasing variety of display formats. Although previous research has explored some organizational risks involved in end-user computing, little is known, first, about the effects of shifting control over display choices from trained specialists to mainstream computer users and , second, whether end-users would benefit from decisional guidance in this area. We conducted an experimental study to gain insight into these issues by studying the display preferences and performance of student subjects in two different kinds of tasks. We found subjects performed certain tasks no better with their preferred display than with a randomly assigned display. Theory-based decisional guidance improved subjects' overall performance substantially, and subjects welcomed decision guidance as long as it did not limit their options.154?(Teo, T.S.H. Tan, M.1999VSpreadsheet development and 'what-if' analysis: Quantitative versus qualitative errors1413Accounting, Management and Information Technologies9Dend user computing, spreadsheet, modeling, error, 'what if' analysis1999Past research has shown that errors are relatively common in all types of spreadsheets. As spreadsheets are used widely be executives in analyzing and supporting their decision making, especially in financial analysis, budgeting and forecasting applications, it is important for spreadsheets to be accurate. Errors undetected in spreadsheets may have undesirable consequences. For example, errors may adversely impact the firm's competitiveness or profitability when the costing of projects is prone to incorrect computation. For this purpose, we investigate the types of errors that may occur even for simple domain-free spreadsheet problems. (continued)1128f?)Arunachalam, V. Daly, B.A.1996fAn empirical investigation of judgment feedback and computerized decision support in a prediction task1393Accounting, Management and Information Technologies63human information processing, cognitive feeback, judgment policy feedback, outcome feedback, earnings prediction, decision support1996This study examines the effects on judgment accuracy of cognitive and outcome feedback provided using a computerized decision support tool. Five feedback conditions were examined in a two-stage experiment utilizing 294 participants: an outcome feedback condition, two cognitive feedback cinditions (judgment policy feedback and model prediction feedback) and two joint feedback conditions ( judgment policy plus outcome feedback, and model predictions plus outcome feedback). Int he first stage, decision makers specified the judgment policies (ie. cue weights and function forms) that they believed they would use in making their earnings predictions. They were then asked to forecast earnings per share for several companies based on average earnings for the last three years, current year gross margin percentage, quick ratio and earnings yeild. Using appropriately modified end-user software, feedback was then provided to all participants, except those receiving outcome feedback only. ( continued )129?+O'Regan, B. Moles, R.2003FModelling policies and decisions: A case study in mineral extraction.147Information & Management40=modelling, simulation, decision support, complexity, feedback2003This paper describes the application of the tools and techniques of the system dynamics mehtod within the context of factors which impact the flow of international mineral investment funds. Emphasis is placed on methodology rather than context. The simulation model, which provides the theoretical underpinning for the paper, is developed in the system dynamics tradition and provides a means of examining the effectiveness of vaired environmental, fiscal, and corporate policies on the operating decisions of international mining firms and the flow of investment funds. The model acts as an integrated decision support tool through the projection of future changes in a mining firm's key performance indicators.11090?,Salmeron, J.L.2002'EIS evolution in large Spanish business41Information & Management40executive information systems, (EIS), decision support, determination of information requirements, strategic information system2002In a comparative and hostile environment such as the current one, it is no longer enough for the managers to make the right choices, but they must also make and implement them as quickly as possible. For this reason, they need several tools to provide them with information. These tools are called executive information systems (EIS). Comparisons of EIS developed in several countries provide insights that can be used by companies when developing systems for global markets. This paper portrays the current situation of EIS in large Spanish businesses and some interesting elements in the evolution of Spanish EIS. To do this, the author surveyed the three leading Spanish companies in each industry.3638{?-Shin, B.2002-A case of data warehousing project management581Information & Management39Xdata warehouse, data warehousing, data mart, decision support system, project management2002The strategic value of data warehousing (DWG) for information management and decision support has been well acknowledged. Given scant research on the topic, this case study was intended to investigate the project planning and implementation approaches taken at one of the biggest insurance companies in the US. The company recognized that improved information management and delivery would be crucial to execute its long-term business goal, and DWG was given the highest priority. On this premise, the company pursued a pilot project. This case investigated project management issues of DWG and methodical approaches adopted by IT staff during the pilot project.4108?.$Counihan, A. Finnegan, P. Sammon, D.2002BTowards a framework for evaluating investments in data warehousing321Information Systems Journal12Ldata warehousing, investment evaluation, appraisal techniques, case research2002Data warehousing technology offers organizations the potential for much greater exploitation of informational assests. However, the evaluation of potential investments in this technology poses problems for organizations as traditional evaluation methods are constrained when dealing with strategic IT applications. Nevertheless, many organizations are procedurally obliged to use such methods for evaluating data warehousing investments. This paper identifies five problems with using such methods in these circumstances: evaluating intangible benefits; making the relationship between IT and profitability explicit; dealing with the vanishing status quo; dealing with the extended investment time frame; and evaluating infrastructuar investments. (continued)4208?CRai, A. Stubbart, C. Paper, D.19943Can executive information systems reinforce biases?873Accounting, Management and Information Technologies42executive systems, information processing biases, availability, regression toward the mean, overconfidence, decisional guidance.gExecutive information systems represent a signficant departure from traditional computer-based information systems. Advocates of executive systems claim that their systems offer the leading-edge option for making computers truly effective for supporting key management functions. This paper examines the interaction between key characteristics of executive systems and fundamental features of human thinking drawn from the field of Behavioural Decision Theory. We examine the possiblibity that the operation of these systems may reinforce or intensify certain biases in human information processing. (continued)398?GKock, N.1998\Can communication medium limitations foster better group outcomes? An action research study295-305Information & Management3434New Zealand, Action research, intensive research, process redesign, process improvement, group support systems, media adoption theorieskMedia richness theory has been an influential deterministic theory of communication media adoption and use since its development in the mid-1980s. However, there has been mounting evidence, particularly in the 1990s, that predictions based on the media richness theory do not always hold. For example, there has been evidences that a lean communication medium can be the choice of groups engaged in complex tasks, such as strategic decision making, even when richer media are available. The two main shortcomings of most studies aimed at testing the media richness theory have been: (a) an orientation toward controlled settings, which hampers the drawing of implications for the usually 'non-controlled' situations found in organizations in general; and (b) a focus on media adoption patterns, which has led to lack of evidence regarding group task outcomes. (continued)212?ISambamurthy, V. Chin, W.W.1994~The effects of group attitudes toward alternative GDSS designs on the decision making performance of computer-supported groups215Decision Sciences252_subject areas: decision support systems, management information systems, statistical techniquesEmpirical investiagations of the effects of group decision support systems (GDSS) accord relatively little attention to the role of attitudes developed by groups twoard the GDSS. This study draws upon the theory of social influence to examine the role played by group attitudes in mediating the impact of GDSS designs on group decision-making performance. We found that, in addition to capabilities of GDSS designs, group attitudes toward GDSS were influential in affecting group decision-making performance. The managerial implications of the study are: (1) effective GDSS designs for supporting groups in equivocal decision-making contexts should include structures for communication and consensus support and (2) attemtps should be made to enhance user attitudes toward the GDSS through design features of the GDSS, training, and facilitation of positive social influences within the group. The study also provides encouraging evidence about the value of social theories, such as the social influence model and the adaptive structuration theory, in investigating GDSS effects. Further, this study illustrates the value of the partial least sqaures (PLS) anlaysis method for testing holistic structural models of GDSS effects.2104=?JDavis, F.D. Kottemann, J.E.1994VUser preception of decision support effectiveness: Two production planning experiments57Decision Sciences251Isubject areas: decision support systems, production/operations management:Decision support systems continue to be very popular in business, despite mixed research evidences as to their effectiveness. We hypothesize that what-if analysis, a prominent feauture of most decision support systems, creates an 'illusion of control' causing users to overestimate its effectiveness. (continued)134??KSnead, Jr, K.C. Harrell, A.M.1994eAn application of expectancy theory to explain a manager's intention to use a decision support system499Decision Sciences254Ssubject areas: decision support systems, expectancy theory, organizational behaviorA continuing gap exists between the capabilities of sophisticated computer-based information systems and the extent to which these systems are used by individuals. Studies which have examined the relationship between system utilization and various user, system, implementation and organizational variables have provided few consistent findings. A new approach to this topic is suggested by a recent study by Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw [11], which indicates that individuals' intentions to use a system determine subsequent use. (continued)1110u?N Swink, M.1995TThe influences of user characteristics on performance in a logistics DSS application503Decision Sciences264Hsubject areas: decision support systems, facility location and logisticsDecision support systems (DSS) are widely used in logistics decision applications, and a large number and variety of systems are commerically available. We investigate the contributions of user characteristics including experiences, data preferences, intuition, and effort to decision performance ina logisticis DSS context. The study includes a laboratory experiment in which decision makers with varied experiences used a DSS to make facility network design decisions for problems of varyinng complexity. Two variants of the DSS are utilized in order to examine the interactions of a DSS decision aid with user characteristics. (continued)1115/?OPakath, R. Zaveri, J.S.1995gSpecifying critical inputs in a genetic algorithm-driven decision support system: an automated facility749Decision Sciences266"subject areas: MIS/DSS, simulationDWe present a simple scheme for the automated, iterative specification of the genetic mutation, crossover, and reproduction (usage) probabilities during run time for a specific genetic algorithm-driven tool. The tool is intended for supporting static scheduling decisions in flexible manufacturing systems. Using a randomly generated (base) test problem instance, we first assess the method by suing it to determine the appropriate levels for specific types of mutation and corssover operators. The level for the third operator, reproduction, may then be inferrred. (continued)193?P Kendall, K.E.1997The significance of information systems research on emerging technologies: Seven information technologies that promise to improve managerial effectiveness775Decision Sciences2842subject areas: decision support systems, distributed data processing, end-user computing, executive information systems (EIS), group decision support systems, (GDSS), human/computer interaction, hypermedia/hypertext, management information systems, social issues, team builiding, and technology management.Emerging information technologies are those excitingly novel advances that decision makers are just beginning to notice. These emerging products or processes may have been invented some time ago, but are only now beginning to reveal practical applications. This paper examines this collection of seven studies exploring emerging technologies, classifying them so the context of their results can be related to other emerging technologies. (continued)717?Q"Rebstock Williams, S. Wilson, R.L.1997LGroup support systems, power and influence in an organization: A field study911Decision Sciences284Xsubject areas: group support systems, organizational structure, and qualitative researchEmerging group technologies are attracting attention from researchers and practitioners for the benefits they potentially offer in terms of communications, productivity, and decision-making capabilities within an organization. To date, research in this area has focused on process or outcome variables, substantively ignoring organizational context issues. This paper reports ona field study that invetigated users perceptions of the impact of group support systems on power and influence within the organization. The study was conducted within a division of a major U.S. software company specializing in the development of business software tools for desktop PCs. (continued)264s?RGonzalez, C. Kasper, G.M.1997Animation in user interfaces designed for decision support systems: The effects of image abstratction, transition, and interactivity on decision quality793Decision Sciences284Psubject areas: animation, decision support systems, and human-computer interface'This paper develops the idea of animation in user interfaces designed for decision support systems (DSS), proposes a framework to investigate the efficacy of animation in these interfaces, and reports on a study that examined the effects of properties of animation specified by the framework. Based on a review of selected background literature, prinicpal properties affecting the efficacy of animation in user interfaces designed for DSS are indentified and the effects on decision quality of three of these properties are hypothesized. (continued)7147?SRai, A. Bajwa, D.S.1997An empirical investigation into factors relating to the adoption of executive information systems: An analysis of EIS for collaboration and decision support939Decision Sciences284rsubject areas: adoption of innovations, collaboration support, decision support, and executive information systemsThis study focuses on the organizational adoption of executive information systems (EIS). A distinction is made between two related, complementary EIS capabilities - EIS for collaboration support (EISc) and EIS for decision support (EISd). EISc is relatively standardized and replicable, whil EISd has to be developed in situ given the specific characteristics of the user and task. (continued)3103?T+Karim, A.S. Hershauer, J.C. Perkins, W.C.1998WA simulation of partial information use in decision making: Implications for DSS design53Decision Sciences291subject areas: computer based decision aids, decision processes, decision support systems, human information processing, and simulation methodology.)Information matrices are often the output produced by a decision support system. These matrices are a common method for expressing a decision situation under different decision making scenarios. The decision involved in designing a decision support system to generate the information matrix are important and involve several cost and benefit components. A designer needs guidance in making effective design decisions in this context. Such guideance can be provided by considering the relationships among specific design decisions, costs, and benefits. The general objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive framework for this purpose. This study is the first to develop and present a comprehensive cost-benefit framework for evaluating design decisions for a variety of scenarios. (continued)120?UMcHaney, R. Cronan, T.P.1998dComputer simulation success: On the use of the end-user computing satisfaction instrument: A comment525Decision Sciences292fsubject areas: end-user computing satisfaction, simulation, simulation success, and user satisfaction.lThis comment is part of a comprehensive study to develop a contingency model of simulation success. The current study focuses on the psychometric stability of the end-user computing satisfaction (EUCS) instrument by Boll and Trokzadeh (1998) when applied to users of computer simulation. Using a survey of 411 users,t eh researchers provide evidence that the EUCS instrument is a valid and reliable measure of computer simulation success. Given this evidence, managers and simulation software product developers can confidently apply the instrument in the investigation of competing tools, features, and technologies.1217Z?V)King, W.R. Premkumar, G. Ramamurthy, K.1990\An evaluation of the role and performance of a decision support system in business education642Decision Sciences21>subject areas: decision support systems, innovative education.PWith the rapid growth in end-user computing, ther has been an increasing demand on business schools to train managers in the use of computers for effective decision support. While computer-aided instruction (CAI) has been in vogue for over a decade, there are very few studies that evaluate the impact of computers on decision making skills in a business education context. The study makes use of a controlled experiment to evaluate the impact of computers on the accuracy and quality of decsiion making in a business decision support context. It also addresses the relationships between decision performance and various student characteristics such as aptitude, attitude, domain experience, domain expertise, gender, and system experience. The study revealed that computer support positively influenced both dimensions of decision performance.1156?WMahesh, S. Moskowtiz, H.1990TAn information maximizing interactive procedure for scenario probability elicitation533Decision Sciences215subject areas: decision support systems, forecasting.Various approaches ahve been proposed for determing scenario probabilities to facilitate long-range planning and decision making. These include microlevel approaches based on the anlaysis of relevant underlying events and their interrelations and direct macrolevel examination of the scenarios. The determination of a unique solution demands excessive consistency and time requirements on the part of the expert and often is not guarnateed by these procedures. We propose an interactive information maximizing scenario probability query procedure (IMQP) that exploits the desirable features of existing methods while circumventing their drawbacks. (continued)1850.F?X"Smith, L.D. Nauss, R.M. Bird, D.A.1990<Decision support for bus operations in a mass transit systemDecision Sciences21183usubject areas: decision support systems, mathematical programming, service operations management, and transportation.A computerized system has been developed for assigning, parking, and dispatching buses so that each operator in the St Louis metropolitan transit systme generally drives the same bus each day. Combinations of optimizing routines, mathematical heuristics, decision rules from experienced personnel, and humun intervention are used to manage the bus operations efficiently. This paper describes the tools created for this task and documents significant improvements in maintenance that occurred afrter the system became operational.1109F?Y Steckel, J.H.1990LCommittee decision making in organizations: An experimental test of the core204Decision Sciences21Rsubject areas: game theory, group decision processes, and organizational behaviourTOne concept that has been widely supported in experiments on predicting the outcome of majority-rule voting committees is the Core, the set of alternatives that cannot be defeated by any other in a binary contest. Unfortunately, the applicability of these experiments to organizations is limited by a set of rigid controls intended to ensure that the experiments are internally valid. This paper test the Core in laboratory environment that relaxes these controls. the Core is found to be highly predictive under these relaxed conditions, thereby enhancing confidence in its external validity.2864?Z&Umanath, N.S. Scamell, R.W. Das, S.R.1990UAn examination of two screen/report design variables in an information recall context216Decision Sciences21esubject areas: decision support systems, human information processing, management information systemsScreen/report design for output organization is still very much a common sense-driven activity. This paper identifies a preliminary set of factors beyond display format for examination as screen/report design variables. A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the influence of one of these factors, spatial layout of information, along with display format in an information recall context. (continued)1134?[Pei, B.K.W. Reneau, J.H.1990rThe effects of memory structure on using rule-based expert systems for training: A framework and a empirical test.263Decision Sciences21Ysubject areas: auditing, computer applications, decision processes, and decision systems.One justifcation for eliciting and representing the judgment strategy of an expert in a rule-based expert system (RBES) is to facilitate knowledge transfer to individuals with less expertise. (continued)5857V?\Tan, J.K.H. Banbasat, I.1993jThe effectiveness of graphical presentation for information extraction: A cumulative experimental approach167Decision Sciences24xsubject areas: decision processes, decision support systems, human information processing, managment information systemsThree laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of bar, symbol, and line graphs for performing a variety of elementary information extraction tasks using two dependent variables, time and accuracy. the findings indicate that the degree of support provided by a particular graph format for a particular data extraction task depends on the matching of format and task in terms of their anchoring characteristics. Anchoring, in this context, refers to the phenomenon that specific and diverse parts of a graph are segmented by the reader to act as salient and relevant cues, or anchors, when different classes of information are to be extracted from the graph. A data extraction task has high x-value (y-value) anchoring if the x-axis (y-axis) component is represented in the question as either a given value or an unknown value. Conversely, a task has low x-value (y-value) anchoring if the x-axis (y-axis) component is not represented in the question as either a given value or as an unknown value.1123}?]Lewis, H.S. Butler, T.W.1993CAn interactive framework for multi-person, multiobjective decisions1Decision Sciences24Dsubject areas: group decision processes and mathematical programmingGroup decision making in the presence of multiple conflicting objectives is complex and difficult. This paper describes and evaluates an iterative technique to facilitate multiple objective decision making by multiple decision makers. The proposed method augments an interactive multiobjective optimization procedure with a preference ranking tool and a consensus ranking heuristics. Two multiple objective linear-programming (MOLP) solution approaches, the SIMOLP method of Reeves and Franz [39] and the interactive weighted Tchebycheff procedure of Steuer and Choo [49] are recommended optimization strategies to be used independently or in concert. (continued)266?^ O'Leary, D.E.1993bDetermining differences in expert judgement: Implications for knowledge acquisition and validation395Decision Sciences242fsubject areas: decision support systems, expert systems, group decision processes, verification theoryIn knowledge acquisition, it is often desirable to aggregrate the judgments of multiple experts into a single system. In some cases this takes the form of averaging the judgments of thos experts. In these situations it is desirable to determine if the experts have different views of the world before their individual judgments are aggregated. In validation, multiple experts often are employed to compare the performance of expert systems and other human actors. Often those judgments are then averaged to establish performance quality of the expert system. An important part of the comparison process should be determining if the experts have a similar view of the world. If the experts do not have similar views, their evaluations of performance may differ, resulting in a meaningless average performance measure. Alternatively, if all the validating experts do have similar views of the world, then the validation process may result in paradigm myopia.581?_ Deng, P-S.1993oAutomating knowledge acquisition and refinement for decision support: A connectionist inductive inference model371Decision Sciences2428subject areas: decision support systems, learning modelsAn important application of expert systems technology is to provide support for nonstructured decision making. Usually, nonstructured decision making is characterized by heavy reliance on heuristic knowledge, which is very difficult to articulate or document, and therefore traditional knowledge acquisition approaches are not very successful. The quality and effectiveness of an expert system supporting unstructured decision making is affected when traditional knowledge acquisition approaches are used. To alleviate this problem a model is proposed that combines inductive inference and neural network computing, and an example is presented that illustrates the potential of this model in unstructured support.522?aCook, G.J. Swain, M.R.1993VA computerized approach to decision process tracing for decision support system design931Decision Sciences245tsubject areas: computer applications, decision processes, decision support systems and human information processing.We propose the use of computerized process tracing (CPT) tools as an appropriate approach for monitoring the information acquisition and evaluation phase of specific decision processes. (continued)142?bFerrat, T.W. Vlahos, G.E.1998IAn investigation of task-technology fit for managers in Greece and the US123-136'European Journal of Information Systems7Based on a task-technology fit (TTF) mode, this study adds to our understanding of how computer-based information systems (CBIS) support managerial decision making. Based on four views of decision making and various classifications of CBIS, the findings indicate that both the Greek and US managers value CBIS most highly for resource allocation, evaluating alternatives, identifying problems, ranking alternatives, and short term decision making. (continued)7194?cGreen, S. Murphy, C.1996NTwin peaks: Rationalist and cultural perspectives on executive support systems175-1893Accounting, Management and Information Technologies63kexecutive support systems, rationalist approach, interpretive cultural approach, executive decision making.XThis paper summarizes the limitation of the rationalistic apporach for the design, implementaiton and appraisal of executive support systems and advances in an interpretive cultural apprpach addressing their symbolic, boundary redifining and cultural atttibutes. Recognizing both perspectives provides richer insights about the meaning and role of such systems in organizations. This suggests that the efforts of managers, developers and researchers must embrace not only instrumental technology, but also the wider organisational and symbolic issues involved in the implementation of such systems.3189?dFjermestad, J. Hiltz, S.R.2001IGroup support systems: A description evaluation of case and field studies115-159)Journal of Management Information Systems173_case studies, descriptive evaluation, field studies, group support system, research integrationThis paper presents a descriptive evaluation of 54 case and field studies from 79 published papers spanning two decades of groiup support systems (GSS) research. It organizes the methodology and results of these studies into a four-factor framework consisting of contextual factors, intervening factors, adaptation factors, and outcome factors. The tables will provide the GSS researcher with a summary of the methodology and the results.2216?e)Dennis, A.R. Hayes, G.S. Daniels Jr, R.M.19994Business process modeling with group support systems115-142)Journal of Management Information Systems154Hgroup support systems, GSS, JAD, process modeling, requirements analysiszMuch process modeling research has focused on the development of new modeling languages, but very little research has examined the process by which model informaiton is collected from subject-matter experts. The goal of this research was to develop and evaluate an alternative process to the traditional sequence of interviews or the increasingly common use of JAD (Joint Application Design) meetings run by professional facilitators/modelers. We began by selecting one commonly used modeling technique (IDEF0) and adapting its traditional modeling process to use an enabling technology of a group support system (GSS). (continued)294~?fRainer Jr, R.K. Watson, H.J.1995(The keys to executive information sucess83-98)Journal of Management Information Systems122Uexecutive information systems, executive support systems, information systems successExecutive information systems (EIS) are high-risk/high-return systems, largely because the clientele these systems serve are not only influential in the firm, but have information needs that are very diffiucult to provide through computer-based information systems. As a result, it is important to understand the keys to successful EIS development and ongoing operation. (continued)399k?iLim, L-H. Benbasat, I. 1996-1997FA framework for addressing group judgment biases with group technology7-24)Journal of Management Information Systems133cavailability bias, debiasing, decision-making bias, group support systems, representativeness bias.2CSystematic biases have been found in both individual and group judgments, calling for research into debiasing approaches. Although individual debiasing has been studied to some extent, no such effort exists for group debiasing. This paper advocates the use of group support systems (GSS) for group debiasing. (continued)58?jFjermestad, J. Hiltz, S.R. 1998-1999VAn assessment of group support systems experimental research: Methodology and results7-149)Journal of Management Information Systems153Hexperimental research, group support systems (GSS), research methodologygBy mid 1998, approximately 200 different controlled experiments had been published in 230 articles in refereed journals or major conference proceedings, which examined processes and outcomes in computer-supported group decision making. This paper is a conscise overview of waht has been studied and how: the systems, independent, intervening, adaptation, and dependent variables, manipulated or measured, and experimental procedures employed. Part I categorizes the contextual and intervening factors. Part II analyses 1,582 hypotheses resulting from pairings of independent and dependent variables. (continued)2215\?k(Mallya, S. Banerjee, S. Bistline, W.G.2001ZA decision support system for production/distribution planning in continuous manufacturing545-556Decision Sciences323Ndecision support systems, linear programming, production/distribution planning>This paper presents a decision support system (DSS) for managing production/distribution planning in a continuous manufacturing environment. The vendor has multiple plants and distribution centres (DCs). The trading partners have widely varying independent demand patterns. The DSS is designed for use in a multiproduct environment with overlapping raw materials and processing requirements. The production and distribution lead tiems at planst may span multiple planning periods. The impact of any manual override of a suggested solution can also be evalueated. The DSS is based on a linear programming model iwth rolling horizon and was originally designed for a large process industry. Results of a pilot implementation using actual data are also presented, which show potential for significant savings for the company.190~?l*Kathuria, R. Anandarajan, M. Igbaria, M.1999eLinking IT applications with manufacturing strategy: An intelligence decision support system approach959-991Decision Sciences304partificial intelligence, manufacturing strategy, MIS/DSS & computer systems, operations and logistics management0Research has indiciated the importance of mathcing Information Technology (IT) applications or manufacturing systems with the competitive strategy of a company. Selection of the right type of IT application is, however, a challenging task. When a company with a given dominant process structure emphasizes two or more competitive priorities, such as quality, product flexibility, etc., an unaided manager faces a complex decision problem in choosing from alternative IT applications available in the areas of product design through distribution. (continued)5153?m#Hess, T.J. Rees, L.P. Rakes, T.R.2000ZUsing autonomous software agents to create the next generation of decision support systems1-31Decision Sciences311cartificial intelligence, autonomous systems, decision support systems, mobile code, software agentsThe purpose of this research is to explore the promise of autonomous software agents in Decision Support Systems (DSS). Because definitions of software agents extant in the literature are divergent, we develop and provide a descriptive definition useful for our purpose. The benefits of agents and the particular characteristics of agents leading to DSs enrichment are examined. (continued)5178?nGrabowski, M. Sanborn, S.D.20014Evaluation of embedded intelligent real-time systems95-123Decision sciences321decision support systems, embedded systems, evaluation, expert systems, intelligent systems, knowledge-based systems, performance evaluation, real-time systems, ship navigation, software performance, and technology impact.>Over the past two decades, questions have surfaced about the effectiveness and contribution of intelligent systems to decision makers in a variety of settings. This paper focuses on the evaluation challenges associated with intelligent real-time software systems that are embedded in larger host systems. (continued)5190?o)Smith, L.D. Sanchez, S.M. Lawrence, E.C.1996JA comprehensive model for managing credit risk on home mortgage portfolios291-317Decision Sciences272oDecision support systems, financial models, forecasting, logit modeling, Markov processes/chairs, risk analysisManaging credit risk in financial institutions requires the ability to forecast aggregate losses on existing loans, predict the length of time that loans will be on the books before prepayment or default, analyze the expected performance of particular segments in the existing portfolio, and project payment patterns of new loans. Described in this paper are tools created for these functions in a large California finiancial institution. (continued)1119v?pChu, P.C. Spires, E.E.2000cThe joint effects of effort and quality on decision strategy choice with computerized decision aids259-292Decision Sciences312computer-based decision aids, decision processes, decision support systems, human information processing, judgment and decision making, laboratory experimentResearch has recently focused on the effort-reduction or minimization role of computerized decision aids, and how users may employ aids to manage their effort, which in turn affects their choice of decision strategies. In this paper, it is argued that consideration of effort reduction or minimization by itself is not sufficient for inducing changes in decision strategy. Instead, decision aid effects on effort must be considered jointly with the decision quality assoicated with the various decision strategies. (continued)1168?qHong, I.B. Vogel, D.R.19913Data and model management in a generalized MCDM-DSS1-25Decision Sciences221,decision processes, decision support systems+Drawing upon the choice models developed in the multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) area, this paper proposes an architecture for designing an intelligent decision support system (DSS) that is intended to aid in making choices among multiple alternatives along mulitple dimensions. (continued)5171HF?r Te'eni, D.1991OFeedback in DSS as a source of control: experiments with the timing of feedbackDecision Sciences223JDecision support systems, decision processes, human information processing644-655VWell-designed feedback can improve decision-making but to date there has been no comprehensive study of feedback in decision support systems (DSS) that could guide developers in its design. This work examines the opportunities and means to enhance cognitive control in decision making by providing appropriate feedback with DSS. (continued)1129?s Guimaraes, T. Igbaria, M. Lu, M.19924The determinants of DSS success: An integrated model409-430Decision Sciences2321decision support systems, information management.<The results of a field study investigating the determinants of decision support systems (DSS) success are presented. A multivariate model was developed and tested using multiple regression hierarchical analysis on responses from 118 DSS users. Several specific hypotheses are also proposed and tested. (continued)1187?t%Goul, M. Henderson, J.C. Tonge, F.M.1992hThe emergence of artificial intelligence as a reference discipline for decision support systems research 1263-1276Decision Sciences236artificial intelligence, computer applications, decision support systems, distributed systems, expert systems, information management, management information systems\It is timely and appropriate to examine both philosophical and pragmatical issues associated with formalizing the adoption of artificial intelligence as a reference discipline for decision support systems research. This paper reflects on where we were when the first special issued of Decision Sciences on expert systems and decision support systems was published, addresses the dynamics of what has taken place subsequent to the publication of that first special issue, sets forth a proposition to stimulate ongoing dialog with respect to synergies between the decision support systems research agenda and the research agenda of the artificial intelligence discipline, and demonstrates how the papers appearing in this follow-up special issue of Decision Sciences are representative of an emerging, challenging, and exciting new decision support systems era.7191??uDalal, N.P. Yadav, S.B.1992vThe design of a knowledge-based decision support system to support the information analyst in determining requirements 1373-1388Decision Sciences236\decision support systems, management information systems, organisation and management theoryDecision support system (DSS0 researchers and designers continue to look for unstructured organizational tasks where there is a crticial need for intelligent computer-based support. One such decision task is information requirements determination. (continued)5166?vBode, J.1998Decision support with neural networks in the management of research and development: Concepts and application to cost estimation.33-40Information & Management34Qneural networks, management, R&D management, cost estimation, regression analysisDespite the small number of applicatins to date, neural networks are likely to be able to contribute to decision support in selected fields of R&D management. We identify the potential of neural networks in the application domain and compare it to 'classical' applications, such as the recognition of hand-written characters. Typical neural network architectures for R&D managment tend to be simple, having low complexity, and only a small number of training samples are generally available. As an example, we carry out experiments for a typical R&D management application where neural networks have to estimate the final cost of a new product under development. (continued)5160?wQNussbaum, M. Singer, M. Rosas, R. Castillo, M. Flies, E. Lara, R. Sommers, R.1999EDecision support system for conflict diagnosis in personnel selection55-62Information & Management36`decision support system, conflict diagnosis, personnel selection, work team, computer simulationA decision support system (DSS) is discussed here. It was developed to analyse the interpersonal behaviour of members of a work team; they are tested while interacting in a set of situations simulating a daily working session. By comparing the reactions of each member, it is possible to assess the members' working style compatibility. The system can, therefore, be configured to test specific features of interpersonal behaviour, such as potential conflict factors; these can then be used to assess the effect of adding a member to a team during personnel selection. Field tests have showed that the system can satisfactorily predict potential conflicts within a group.782?xChun, K.J. Park, H.K.19982Examining the conflicting results of GDSS research313-325Information & Management33group decision support systems (GDSS), GDSS experiments, group decision-making, decision room, computer-supported cooperative workxThe growing interest in group decision support systems (GDSS) was supported by, and gave rise to, a burgeoning academic literature on GDSS during the 1980s. However, GDESS research is now rare. One possible reason is the difference between filed experience and many experimental studies. Another reason is that GDSS research over the past years mainly focused on decision rooms. The important question posed: what are the reasons for the conflicting resluts of GDSS research? The contradictory findings among GDSS stuides are indeed a problem if academic research is to be applied effectively in business settings. (continued)2717?y-Daily, B. Whatley, A. Ash, S.R. Steiner, R.L.1996vThe effects of a group decision support system on culturally diverse and culturally homogeneous group decision making.281-289Information & Management30cultural diversity, electronic meetings, ethnic groups, group decision making, group problem solving, group decision support systems, GDSS, multicultural groups, small groups'Considerable research has been conducted over the last decade on the effects of using Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) in group decision making. Studies have examined the influence of GDSS on such variables as group task, size, quality of decision, and satisfaction with the process. However, only a few studies have focused on the use of GDSS and its interaction with group composition. This study compared the effects of group decision making, both with and without GDSS technology, on culturallt diverse and homogeneous groups. (continued)2728k?z!Sia, C-L. Tan, B.C.Y. Wei, K-K.1996JExploring the effects of some display and task factors on GSS user groups.35-41Information & Management30Pgroup support systems, task characteristics, screen types, group decision making`This study examines the impact of public screen and task types on consensus change and influence equality in a GSS environment. The researchers employed a controlled laboratory experiment with 44 five-person groups. The independent variables were public screen type and task type. Two kinds of public screens were studied: common and individual. Two kinds of task types were examined: intellectual and preference. The dependent variables were consensus change with the preference but not the intellectual task. Moreover, individual public screens and the intellectual task encourage influence equality.2726?{'Aiken, M. Kim, D. Hwang, C. Lu, L-C.1995&A Korean group decision support system303-310Information & Management28\group decision support systems, electronic meeting systems, electronic brainstorming, KoreanA Group Decision Support System (GDSS) can be used to improve communication in many languages. Hertofore, the vast majority of research with these systems has been conducted on American groups using English. Here, we demonstrate how groups of Korean students used a GDSS developed at the University of Mississippi to exchange comments in Korean and English anonymously and simultaneoulsy. The study found no significant differences between the English and Korean systems in terms of self-assessed ratings of evaluation apprehension, production blocking, and process satisfaction. Participants rated both systems favourably, supporting our hypothesis that Korean groups can benefit from the use of a GDSS.2718?|*Walls, J.G. Widmeyer, G.R. El Sawy, O.A.1992=Building an information system design theory for vigilant EIS36-59Information Systems Research31xexecutive information systems, design theory, information system design, vigilance, issue management, executive scanningThis paper defiens an information system desgin theory (ISDT) to be a prescriptive theory which integrates normative and descriptive theories into design paths intended to produce more effective information systems. The nature of ISDTs is articulated using Dubin's concept of theory building and Simon's idea of a science of the artificial. An example of an ISDT is presented in the context of Executive Information Systems (EIS). Despite the increasing awareness of the potential of EIS for enhancing executive strategic decision making effectiveness, there exists little theoretical work which directly guides EIS design. (continued)352?} Silver, M.S.19917Decisional Guidance for Computer-based decision support105-122 MIS Quarterly151decision support systems, decision-making process, decision making, decisional guidance, human judgment, meta-support, meta-choiceIn the course of interacting with a decision support system (DSS), decision makers may have numerous opportunities for exercising judgment. Some judgments pertain to what to do next; others require predicitons or evaluations. Either deliberately or indadvertently, a DSS may guide its users in performing these judgments. This article lays a foundation and proposes an agenda for researching such 'decisional guidance'. (continued)7118?~'Jessup, L.M. Connolly, T. Galegher, J.1990KThe effects of anonymity on GDSS group process with an idea-generating task313-321 MIS Quarterly14[group support systems, group process and outcome, anonymity, idea generation and evaluationThis study examines the influence of anonymity on group process in groups using a group decision support system (GDSS) with an idea-generating task. Group members whose contributions were anonymous generated more comments, were more critical and probing, and were more likely to embellish ideas proposed by others than were those whose contributions were identified by name. Implications for group support research are discussed.2634?Le Blanc, L.A. Kozar, K.A.1990An empirical investigation of the relationship between DSS usage and system performance: A case study of a navigation support system263-277 MIS Quarterly14Rdecision support systems, information system usage, system performance measurementSystem performance measurement often is conducted using subjective methods, such as self-reporting of utilization, or surrogate measures, such as user satisfaction. High system utilization or high user satisfaction provides no guarantee of high perfomance. This study reports initial research relating system utilization, measured as a continuous and independent variable, with an objective measure of system performance. The usage or participation rate of the New Orleans Vessel Traffic Service was correlated with its performance criterion of vessel safety, operationalized as the nubmer of marine accidents. The evaluation model repored in this research employed utilization as an independent variable in the regression equation. This utilization measure was inversely correleated with vessel accidents - increases in DSS utilization were associated with reductions in marine casualties, assuming fixed levels of the other explanatory variables. (continued)169F?Raman, K.S. Phoon, C.K.1990dDecision support systems in Singapore: Issues in their management and their beneficial contributionsInformation & Management18cdecision support systems (DSS), management information systems (MIS), benefits of DSS, managing DSS153-165A survey of 146 organizations in the key industry sectors of Singapore indicates a trend towards the use of computer-based decision making. The organizations consider four issues in the management of DSS crticial to their success: (a) indentification of managers' information and decision support needs, (b) selling the idea to top management, (c) effective planning and design of the support system, and (d) systems integration. (continued)1100?Brent Gallupe, R. McKeen, J.D.1990Enhancing computer-mediated communication: an experimental investigation into the use of a group decision support system for face-to-face versus remote meetings1-13Information & Management18sgroup decision support systems, computer-mediated communications, face-to-face versus remote group decision making.`A controlled laboratory experiment was undertaken to examine the effects of the use of a group decision support system (GDSS) on face-to-face versus remote meetings. Some expected and some unexpected results were obtained for decision performance (quality, speed, choice, shift) and group member perceptions (confidence and satisfaction). (continued)2165m?,Adams, D.A. Courtney, Jr, J.F. Kasper, G.M.1990RA process-oriented method for the evaluation of decision support system generators213-225Information & Management19^decision support systems, evaluation methodology, evaluation criterion, human problem solving.?A process-oriented DSS selection and evaluation criterion and mehtod are proposed and empirically supported. The relationship between DSS tools, the services they provide the user/decision maker, and stages of the decision-making process is developed. A model of DSS-aided decision making is advanced and the characteristics of DSS supported are extended. The decision-maker's perception of the amount of support provided by the DSS to different stages of the decision-making process is the criterion upon which the selection and evaluation approach is based. (continued)1139?Udo, G.1992DRethinking the effectiveness of measures of decision support systems123-135Information & Management22system usage, DSS evaluation, performance measures of DSS, tangible and intangible benefits of DSS, strategic role/benefits of DSSAlthough many laboratory studies conclude otherwise, field study researchers till measure DSS effeciveness by system usage, based on the assumption that frequent use of a system implies its potential benefits. This study used data from a field study to test the accurace of the assumption. Based on literature review, eight potential benefits of DSS were identified and used as measures of its effectiveness. (continued)741P?Hsieh, C. Lu, M. Pan, C.1992#Current status of DSS use in Taiwan199-206Information & Management22lTaiwan, developing countries, decision support systems, current status, problems, implementation strategies.VResults of a survey of decision support systems use and non-use in Taiwanese firms are presented. The current status of DSS is Taiwan is described in terms of the extent of applications, patterns and frequency of use, sources of software, user participation, development effort, and user satisfaction. Reasons for non-use are analyzed with respect to knowledge about DSS, attitude of the decision makers, task nature, organizational support, and availability of DSs technology. For firms using DSS, problems associated with its use are investigated. DSS implementation strategies are suggested.1179?Arinze, B. Banerjee, S.1992FA framework for effective data collection usage and maintenance of DSS257-268Information & Management22rdecision support systems, data collection, data quality, DSS databases, data communications, industrial marketing.the need for proper, reliable, and accurate data for any DSS is universally accepted. However, in real life, developers and users face ill-structured problems in noisy and difficult environments. While a wide variety of hardware and software exists for data storage, communication, and presentation (eg. specialized hardware, DBMS's and query languages), much less effort has gone into developing methodologies for DSS data capture in less tractable decision environments with DSS data and of available methods for dealing with these problems will serve to limit the effectiveness of even sophisticated technologies in DSs development and use. (continued)1141?Aiken, M. W. Liu Sheng, O.R.1991UArtificial intelligence based simulation in the design of a GDSS idea generation tool279-289Information & Management21isoftware engineering, simulation, expert systems, artificial intelligence, group decision support systemsLittle research has been conducted on the software engineering design problems of group decision support systems (GDSS). We believe this has been due in part to the lack of powerful system design methodolgies, such as artificial intelligence based system simulation (AISS) techniques and also, in part due to a lack of research direction. The AISS design methodology described here is split into three stages: the specification of system boundaries using a System Entity Structure (SES), SES pruning and model synthesis using an expert system (ES), and the evaluation of candidate design models using discrete event simulation (DEVS). (continued)2140I?Guimaraes, T. Saraph. J.V.19915The role of prototyping in executive decision systems257-267Information & Management21wprototyping, decision support systems, DSS, DSS problems, information systems management, executive information systems0Prototyping has been widely acclaimed as an effective approach to requirements definition and systems development. It is often claimed to be particularly useful in the development of systems to support executive decision making, which by definition deal with unstructured business problems. (continued)3186? Omar, M.H.1991?A DSS approach for implementing an online retail banking system89-98Information & Management21hdecision support systems (DSS), prototyping, user participation, interactive interface, bank automation.This article is based on the author's experience in supervising the development and implentation of a distributed online retail banking decision support system (DSS) for Arab National Bank (ANB) in Riyadh - Saudi Arabia. The system emphasizes the different components and characeristices of DSS in terms of flexibility, responsiveness, ease of use, interactive interface, and the use of an adaptive process for design and implementation. (continued)180?Raymond, L. Bergeron, F.1992)Personal DSS success in small enterprises301-308Information & Management22personal decision support systems, DSS success, user satisfaction, application characteristics, task characteristics, personal computing, small business.A 'personal DSS' is here defined on the basis of the features and applications that are actually 'in-use' and valued by users, and not on the degree of strucutre of the problem it addresses. This paper presents the results of an empirical investigation of selected application, task, and user determinants of personal DSS effectiveness in the context of the small business. (continued)1101e?Kettelhut, M.C.1991\Using a DSS to incorporate expert opinion in strategic product development funding decisions363-371Information & Management20decision support system, mulit-criterion decision making, DSS in group decision processes, expert opinion in DSS, evolutive DSS design.!Research investigationg Decision Support Systems (DSS) suggests they provide support to decision makers confronted with unstructured problems. Strategic decisions are often characterized as unstructured: they address external markets, new products, and changing competitors. This paper examines the development and adaptive implementation of a multicriterion DSS, which captured the expertise of recognized experts in different functional groups of an organization, for use in allocating product development funds to new programs. (continued)1155<?Le Blanc, L.A.1991 An assessment of DSS performance137-148Information & Management20Rdecision support system, information system usage, system performance measurement.kThe information technology described is a U.S. Coast Guard vessel movement reporting system, known as a vessel traffic service. This goup decision support system aids vessel operators to navigate a treacherous portion of the Mississippi River from the Gulf of Mexico to Baton Rouge. Voluntary participants provide inputs for a computer simulated tracking of vessels and receive relevant informaiton about marine traffic from the system. Two time series regression models explain changes in system performance as specified by objective, quantitative criterion variables known as critical success factors. (continued)170F?Coll, R. Coll, J.H. Rein, D.1991NThe effect of computerized decision aids on decision time and decision qualityInformation & Management20YDSS, decision support systems, decision-making, computerized decision aids, expert choiceThis article presents an experiment which examines the efficacy of computer decision support systems. The results are that in the circumstances of this experiment (a decision problem requiring non-overload multidimensional analysis and integration), a computer decision support system neither reduces the time required to come to a decision nor improves the quality of the decision. (continued)1169?Higby, M.A. Farah, B.N.1991The status of marketing information systems, decision support systems and expert systems in the marketing function of U.S. firms29-35Information & Management20fmarketing information systems, decision support systems, expert systems, marketing, marketing research]A survey of the current status of Marketing Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, and Expert Systems was made in a group of U.S. firms. A questionnaire was first developed from an extensive review of the marketing and information systems literature. Major issues addressed were: (1) the level of use fo marketing information systems, decision support systems, or expert systems in the marketing function and (2) the levle of use of the various systems in specific marketing activities. The study identifies the development, use, and possible future applications of these systems in marketing.1182?ASengupta, K Te'eni, D. Melone, N.P. Limayem, M. Weisband, S.P.1994=Views of work and the design and use of group support systems245-2663Accounting, Management and Information Technologies44The view of work embodied in a group support system constitues a designer's understanding of how work gets done in collaborative settings. This paper argues that a designer's veiw of collaborative work shapes the desing space of a group support system. This in turn affects the system's functionality, as well as the manner in which it is used. An analysis of the views of work underlying four group support systems used in research and commercial domains, reveals sharp difference in their perspectives on collaborative work. (continued)2701?Cochran, J.K. Chen, M-T.1991sAn integrated multicomputer DSS design for transport planning using embedded computer simulation and database tools87-97Decision Support Systems7wcomputer simulation, DSS design, embedded software tools, transport planning, multicomputer DSS, highway goods movementLGoods movement is probably the most neglescted issue in transport planning. What work has been done is largely restricted to urban goods movement. A major project funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation has resulted in a unique Decision Support System for transportation planners of highway goods movement. (continued)1212~?Bergeron, F. Raymond, L.1992/Evaluation of EIS from a managerial perspective45-60Journal of Information Systems2Rattributes, executive information systems, executive support systems, satisfactionWhile executive information systems (EIS) constitute a rising trend in the use of information technology in organizations, much is still unknown in terms of the attributes an EIS should possess in order to increase the probability of succesful implementation. A survey was conducted on 28 Canadian organizations, with 52 users giving their perceptions on the various attributes of EIS. (Continued)3199?Ang, J. Teo, T.S.H.2000WManagement issues in data warehousing: insights from the Housing and Development Board.11-20Decision Support Systems29(Data warehouse, lessons, Singapore, HDB.Data warehousing has emerged as one of the most powerful tools in delivering information to users. In this paper, we examine data warehousing at the Housing and Development Board (HDB), which is responsible for providing affordable, high quality pulbic housing to Sinapore citizens. The HDB embarked on building a data warehouse because access to the diverse and large amount of data in its operational systems, was becoming increasingly cumbersome and time consuming. By buiding a data warehouse, the HDB aims to facilitate users' access to corporate information for planning and decision making. The experiences and lessons learned from building a data warehouse at HDB are discussed.4213\? Wilson, F.A.1994=Computer support for strategic organizational decision-making289-298(Journal of Strategic Information Systems34;managerial actions, decision-making, computer-based systemstWhile information systems continue to be promoted within organizations as tools to support strategic decision-making, there is growing concern over the ability of such systems to model the social and political complexity of the situations to which they are being applied. This paper examines the nature of organizational decision-making and the use of computer-based systems to support this activity. The debate queries the extent to which such artifiacts should be allowed to become enmeshed and embedded within the strategic decision-making activities of organizations which operate within increasingly complex environments.355o?)Pomerol, J-C. Brezillon, P. Pasquier, L.2002FOperational knowledge for representation for practical decision-making101-115)Journal of Management Information Systems184jcontext representation, contextual graphs, decision tree, knowledge representation, operational knowledge./For the design of an 'intelligent' assistant system aimed at supporting operators' decision in subway control, we modeled operators' activity and know-how. As a result, we introduce the notion of a contextual graph, which appears as a simple solution to describe and manage operational decision-making.1184?9Hender, J.M. Dean, D.L. Rodgers, T.L. Nunamaker Jr, J.F.2002An examination of the impact of stimuli type and GSS structure on creativity: Brainstorming versus non-brainstorming techniques in a GSS environment59-85)Journal of Management Information Systems184analogy, assumption reversal, brainstorming, creativity, group support system, idea generation, idea quality, idea quantity, laboratory experimentOf the techniques available for idea generation with group support systems (GSS), little research attention has been given to techniques that challenge problem assumptions or that use unrelated stimuli to promote creativity. When implementing such techniques with GSS, choices must be made regarding how to configure the GSS to deploy the intial creative stimuli and to present the pool of emerging ideas that act as additional stimuli. (continued02753}?Durand, D.E. VanHuss, S.H.19921Creativity software and DSS: Cautionary findings1-6Information & Management23Fdecision support systems, decision aids, creativity enhancing softwareContrary to expectations, a study of creativity enhancing software showed that user creativity declined when using the software on an analysis task. Software increased the number of alternatives, but independent judges determined that these were less original or inventive than those produced without the software. These findings were consistent for both 'highly creative' and 'less creative' groups. Computer technology is an added variable that can interact to inhibit creativity in a moderately complex case analysis task. Creativity inducing software appears to need further development before it can contribute meanifully to improving decision support systems.1211?Liou, Y.I. Nunamaker Jr, J.F.1993RAn investigation into knowledge acquisition using a groiup decision support system121-132Information & Management24mgroup decision support systems, knowledge acquisition techniques, knowledge acquisition from multiple expertsGroup Decision Support Systems (GDSS) previously have been used to facilitate a variety of group activities. This study explores the use of a GDSS to facilitate knowldge acquisiton from multiple experts to build a help-service expert system for an information centre. Observations from this study incidate that a GDSS can faciliate knowledge acquisiton from a group of experts by documenting knowledge electronically, supporting parallel knowledge extraction from several experts, offering a structured process, and providing a collaborative atmosphere which facilitates group interactions, resolves conflicts and enriches the domain of expertise.2206?Nour, M.A. Yen, D.1992@Group decision support systems: Towards a conceptual foundation55-64Information & Management23tgroup decision making, group problem solving, group decision support systems (GDSS), decision support systems (DSS).Group decision support systems (GDSS) have been the focus of extensive researchs tudies over the last decade. These, however, have largerly been experimental in nature and dealt mainly with studnets in labroatory settings. Although the significance of these studies are not questioned, the findings have sometimes been conflicting. Further the sutyd of GDSS is currently alcking a real conceptual foundation. (continued)2205?1Tam, M.M.C. Chung, W.W.C. Yung, K.L. David, A.K.1994IManaging organizational DSS development in small manufacturing enterprise33-47Information & Management26organizational decision support systems, (ODSS), small manufacturing enterprise, case study, information systems development, technology adoption, production planning and control (PPC), industrial collaboration, technology transfer3A number of Hong Kong manufacturing companies have moved their production tot he People's Republic of China while retaining their supporting functions (such as marketing, distribution, etc.) in Hong Kong. As a consequence, their mode of operation has become more complex and demands better production planning and control (PPC). One solution is to use an information system in which all factory resources are integrated within a single framework for PPC. The main instrument of this strategy is an Organization DSS (ODSS). this paper presents a case study of development and adoption of an ODSS in a small manufacturing enterprise. Analysis of the findings highlighs the cultrual as well as organizational underpinnings and the need for effective intervention before and thoughout the computerization. (continued)1204?Pearson, J.M. Shim, J.P.1994[An empirical investigation into decision support systems capabilities: A proposed taxonomy45-57Information & Management273decision support systems, taxonomy, DSS developmentThe capabilities provided by decision supprt systems (DSS) can have a significant impact ont he usefulness and satisfaction provided by a DSS. A questionnaire was sent to nonacademic members of the Institute of Managment Sciences in an effort to identify characteristics and capabilities common to DSS. Analysis indicated that five different categories of DSS could be indentified. Each of these categories provided the DSS user with a unique set of capabilities ranging from simple data retrieval to a fully integrated DSS. Analysis also indicated that the five DSS categories identified in this study mapped easily onto Alter's DSS taxonomy. By utilizing Alter's taxonomy and the results obtained in the study, the DSS builder is provided a starting point for the development of future DSS.1203C?Tung, L.L. Heminger, A.R.1993hThe effects of dialectical inquiry, devil's advocacy, and consensus inquiry methods in a GSS environment33-41Information & Management25sgroup decision support systems, GDSS, group support systems, GSS, dialectic inquiry, Devil's advocacy, small groupsMuch research has been done in the past few years on Group Support Systems (GSS). Laboratory versions have been created and studies have reported improved group outcomes, when compared with similar manual sessions. More recently, commercial systems have been introduced. Most of these have been created around a common approach to group work, which can be characterized as consensus. However, research in the manual group literature suggests that a consensus approach does not always produce the best outcomes. Structured conflict may provide superior performance when the issues udner consideration contain multiple or unclear underlying assumptions. This paper describes a preliminary experiment to compare a consensus based approach (C) to two different conflict based approaches, devil's advocacy (DA) and dialectical inquiry (DI). The study was intended to help determine wheterh or not consensus based approaches among the three inquiry methods in terms of process or outcome. Possible reasons are discussed.2725? Lai, V.S.1994TA survey of rural small business computer use: Success factors and decision support297-304Information & Management26Ismall business, rural business, computer use, MIS success, MIS evaluationA survey was conducted on 500 rural small manufacturing businesses to investigate their perception of the impact of computer use on decision performance. Two key findings emergerd. First, computer systems failed to provide adequate support to many decision activities. Second, executives in suhc businesses were satisfied with their computer systems. However, many did not perceive a posistive corelation between computer use and cost efficiency. The survey also tested the relationship between organizational characteristics and success of computer use. The survey showed that MIS ranking function, age of business, and EDP experience were significantly associated with success of computer use.1201I?'Power, D.J. Meyeraan, S.L. Aldag, R.J.1994`Impacts of problem structure and computerized decision aids on decision attitudes and behaviours281-294Information & Management26problem structure, computerized decision aids, decision making, DSS, decision support systems, management support, decision software, decision behaviour, behaviour decision theoryLittle attention has been given to the fit of specific types of computerized deicison aids with various decision problem situations. Information regarding this potential contingency relationship is needed both for theoretical development and for guiding practical applications. This paper reports a laboratory study of the relationships between use of an ad hoc, personal, computerized decision aid, problem structure, and various dependent variables. Results indicate computerized decision aid users had positive attitudes toward the aid and, compared to a group of non-users, (1) considered fewer alternatives, (2) took more time making decisions, and (3) used more analytical tools. (continued)1195?7Aiken, M.W. Martin, J.S. Paolillo, J.G.P Shirani, A.I.19947A group decision support system for multilingual groups155-161Information & Management26igroup decision support systems, electronic meeting systems, electronic brainstorming, multilingual groupsCommunication in multilingual groups is very difficult. Even if all participants in the group know a common langauge, it may be a first language for some fo the group and a second langauge for others. Communication in such situations is not equal for all group members. A multilingual Group Support System (GDSS) allows all members to communicate in their native langauges, eliminating the group's linguisitc problems. This paper describes a protoype multilingual GDSs that provides a high degree of translation accuracy while providing other benefits of Group Decision Support Systems, such as anonymity, parallel communication, and automated recording of the discussion.2716-?)Benbuman-Filch, R. Hiltz, S.R. Turoff, M.2002VA comparative content analysis of face-to-face vs. asynchronous group decision making.457-469Decision Support Systems341{computer-mediated communication systems, group support systems, asynchronous systems, face to face groups, content analysisA field experiment was conducted to analyse the process and contents fo groupd discussions. Groupls solved a case study either orally or though an asynchronous computer-mediated communciation system. Findings show that asynchronous groups had broader disucssions and submitted more complete reports than their face-to-face counterparts. However, there was no difference in the ability to transfer information from the discussion to the report; under both conditions, about 15% of the issues mentioned in the discussion were omitted from the final report. In terms of coordination, face-to-face teams covered the case study questions sequentially, while asynchronous groups were more focused on solving their general disagreements.715p?Wood, J.R.G. Wood-Harper, A.T.1993?Information technology in support of individual decision-making85-101Journal of Information Systems3_decision making, decision support, information systems, information technology, problem solving^The use of computers in organizations has often been justified by reference to the 'improved decision-making' which will result from the use of new technology. Rarely, if ever, is any precise measurement given as to how such improvements will be judged. Phrases such as 'better information leads to better decisions' and 'what managers requires more information' dominate the literature on management information systems (MIS). Alistair Preston argues that this alignment with top management allowed MIS to legitmize and elevate itself as both a serious practice and an academic discipline. (continued)118`?8Dennis, A.R. Tyran, C.K. Vogel, D.R. Nunamaker Jr, J.F.1997,Group support systems for strategic planning155-184)Journal of Management Information Systems141Jgroup support systems, groupware, strategic planning, strategic managementKStrategic planning is typically performed by groups of managers. Group support systems (GSS), an information technology designed to improve group work, may therefore have useful application to strategic planning. In this paper, the application of GSS is examined with respect to four dimensions: process support, process structure, task support, and task structure. A GSS may assist the communication aspects of group meetings by providing process support to improve interaction among participants and process structure to direct the pattern or content of the discussion. GSS may also provide task structure, such as structured analysis and modeling techniques, and task support, such as access to important task information. This paper reports on the use of a GSS in the strategic planning processes of thirty organizations. (continued)2150i? Davison, R.1999JAn instrument for measuring meeting success: Revalidation and modification321-328Information & Management36[group support systems, GSS, instrument revalidation, longitudinal meetings, meeting successhThe development and validation of an instrument to measure meeting success has been described in earlier work. This instrument is now revalidated in organisational meetings where Group Support Systems (GSS) were employed to support the meeting processes. In addition, a derived version of the instrument for measurment of longitudinal meetings is introduced.216? Arinze, B.19912A contingency model of DSS development methodology149-166)Journal of Management Information Systems81Pdecision support systems, DSS development methodology, DSS requirements analysisDecision Support Systems (DSS) are now an established part of the information systems mainstream, both in research and in practice. The DSS development approach differs from traditional systems development not only with regard to its associated paradigms and orientation, but also in the methods of requirements analysis it employs. This paper surveys the major methodologies used for DSS development. It analyszes them by structure, paradigm and orientation and sicsses their underlying assumptions. (continued)1220? Rao, H.R. Sridhar, R Narian, S.1994LAn active intelligent decision support systems - Architecture and simulation79-91Decision Support Systems12`Intelligent decision supports, architecture, simulation, cooperative distributed problem solvingwDevelopment and implementation of decision support systems to support intelligent decision making is an area of research that has gained in importance in recent years. Due to the increased complexity of decision making, active involvement of the user and the computer in an intelligent way is necessary in the decision process. This paper presents issues in the design of an active intelligent decision support system (IDSS), develops an architectural model based on cooperative distributed problem solving, and performs a simulation of the system using object oriented programming for an example application in airfleet control.5223?!Dutta, S. Shekhar, S. Wong, W.Y.1994QDecision Support in non-conservative domains: generalization with neural networks527-544Decision Support Systems12Egeneralization problem solving, decision support with neural networksModels in conventional decision support systems (DSSs) are best suited for problem solutions in domains with well defined/structured (mathematical) or partially defined/semi-structured (heuristics) domain models. Non-conservative/unstructured domains are those which either lack a known model or have a poorly defined domain model. Neural networks (NNs) represent an alternative modelling technique which can be useful in such domains. Neural networks atuonomously learn the underlying domain model from examples and have the ability to generalise, ie., use the leartn model to respond correctly to previoulsy unseen inputs. (continued)5224?Wang, J.19949Artificial neural networks versus natural neural networks415-429Decision Support Systems11;neural networks, supervised leanring, preference assessmentJPreference is an essential ingredient in all decision processes. This paper presents a new connectionist paradigm for peference assessment in a general multicriteria decision setting. A gneral structure of an artifical neural network for representing two specified prototypes of preference structures is discussed. An interactive preference assessment procedure and an autonomous learning algorithm based on a novel scheme of supervised learning are proposed. Operating characteristics of the proposed prardigm are also illustrated through detailed results of numerical simulations.5226? Wilson, R.L.1994@A neural network approach to decision alternative prioritization431-447Decision Support Systems119neural networks, ranking, prioritization, decision making=A common decision problem faced by managers in organizations is that of decision alternative prioritization. There have been many proposed approaches to the problem where the decision maker constructs a pairwise comparison matrix of the alternatives under study. All existing ranking methods possess major shortcomings for the general problem. This paper illustrates the usefulness of a neural network model in such prioritization problems , which considers these shortcomings of previous methods. Use fo the model is shown through the use of example ranking scenarios.5227a?#Yoon, Y. Guimaraes, T. Swales, G.1994EIntegrating artificial neural netowrks with rule-based expert systems497-507Decision Support Systems11wartificial neural network, rule-based approach, integrated expert system, financial expert system, hybrid expert system0The Rule-Based (RB) and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approaches to expert systems development have each demonstrated some specific advantages and disadvantages. These two approaches can be integrated to exploit the advantages and minimize the disadvantages of each method used along. (continued)5230?'Piramuthu, S. Shaw, M.J. Gentry, J.A.1994=A classification approach using multi-layered neural networks509-525Decision Support Systems11Bback-propagation, classification, gradient-search, neural networksThere has been increasing interest in the applicability of neural netowrks in disparate domains. In this paper, we describe the use of multi-layered perceptrons, a type of neural-network topology, for financial clasification problems, with promising results. Back-propagation, which is the learning algorithm most often used in multi-layered perceptrons, however, is inherently an inefficient search procedure. (continued)5231[?Wilson, R.L. Sharda, R.1994+Bankruptcy prediction using neural networks545-557Decision Support Systems11dneural network applications, bankruptcy prediction, discriminant analysis, classification techniquesbPrediction of firm bankruptcies have been extensively studed in accounting, as all stakeholders in a firm have a vested interest in monitoring its financial performance. This paper presents an exploratory study which compares the predictive capabilites for firm bankruptcy of neural networks and classical multivariate discriminant analysis. (continued)5232?Johnson, M.P. Hurter, A.P.2000YDecision support for a housing mobility program using a multiobjective optimazation model 1569-1584Management Science4612qhousing, susidized housing, housing mobility, mulitobjective optimization, policy analysis, benefit-cost analysisAs result of public housing reform and welfare reform, the operating envionment of public housisng authorities has changed significantly. Given these policy initiatives, housing mobility programs represent viable strategies for providign public housing residents with access to economically healthy, integreated neighborhoods. In this paper we present a decision support methodology to assist the design of housing mobility programs. This methodology incorporates economic models for estimating dollar-valued impacts associated with tenant relocation, and a multiobjective optimization model for generatting alternative relocation shcemes assoicated with varoius objective funciton weights.1407g?Korhonen, P. Wallenius, J.1990?A multiple objective linear programming decision support system243-251Decision Support Systems66decision support, computer graphics, multiple criteriaIn this paper we describe the principles of VIG (Visual Interactive Goal Programming), a Multiple Criteria Decision Support System, recently developed by Korhonen. PARETO RACE is a corner stone of the system, which is desgined to support both the modeling and solving of multiple objective linear programming problem. A menu, spreadsheets, and interactive computer graphics play a key role1200?Eom, H.B. Lee, S.M.1990nDSS applications development research: Leading Institutions and most frequent contributors. (1971-April 1988)269-275Decision Support Systems6NDSS development research, leading research institutions, frequent contributors1202?Er, M.C. Ng, A.C.1995EThe anonymity and proximity factors in group decision support systems75-83Decision Support Systems14group decision support systems (GDSS), anonymity, proximity, group decision making process, computer meidated communication, impact of information technologyA group decision support system (GDSS) is an interactive computer-based information system which combines the capabilities of communication technologies, database technologies, computer technologies, and decision technologies to support the identification, analysis, formulation, evaluation, and solution of semi-structured or unstructured problems by a group in an user-friendly computing environment. (continued)2249?!Dos Santos, B.L. Mookerjee, V.S.1993Expert system design161-181Decision Support Systems9expert systems designs, optimal systems design, knowledge representation, decision support systems, cost/benefit in system designToday, many organizations are investing heavily in expert systems. Unfortunately, many of these systems will fail to deliver the maximum poosbiel value to their investors because little attention has been paid to the cost of providing these systmes with the information they require to make a decision. In an expert system, the cost of providing the information that the system requires can be substantial. Minimizing information costs without affecting the decisions made by the system can reduce the cost of operating the system and thereby increase value. We develop an algorithm that determines an optimal information acquisition strategy for an existing system and show how a specific information acquisition strategy can be implemented. (continued)3353|?Miller, L.L. Nilakanta, S.1993'Organisational decision support systems201-215Decision Support Systems9dorganizational decision support systems, relational databases, query generation, hypergraphs, modelsthe concept of organizational deciison support and the criteria for designing such support systems (ODSS) have recently received a great deal of attention. In spite of major differences among the decision processes at the organizational, group, and individual levels, the requirements for securing data from the corporate database in an ODSS still remains a signficant issue. (continued)3351*?Kleijnen, J.P.C.19932Simulation and optimization in production planning269-280Decision Support Systems92heuristics, regression analysis, multiple criteriaeThis paper reports on a practical decision support system (DSS) for proecution planning, developed for a Dutch company. To evaluated this DSS, a simulation model is built. Moreover, the DSs has 15 control variables whihc are to be optimized. The effects of these 156 variables are investigated, using a sequence of 2k-p experimental designs. (continued)1356? Torn, A.A1990:Decision support by rapid simulation using simulation nets299-305Decision Support Systems66Simulation, simulator, modeling, petri net, validation3The working of a tool, Simulation Nets, for designing and executing models for simulation of systems is presented. The tool is an extension of of the theoretically attractive Petri Nets, whose suitability in general simulation modeling has largerly been overlooked in the simulation community. (continued)5360? Krishnan, R.19913PDM: A knowledge-based tool for model construction301-314Decision Support Systems7)artificial intelligence, model managementThis paper describes PDM, a knowldege-based tool designed to help non-expert user construct Linear Programming (LP) modles of Production, Distribution, and Inventory (PDI) planning problems. PDM interactively aids users in defining a qualitative model of their planning problem, and employs it to generate problem-specific inferences and as input to a model building component that mechanically constructs the algebraic schema of the appropriate LP model.5365T?Dolk, D.R. Kridel, D.J.19912An active modeling system for econometric analysis315-328Decision Support Systems7mactive DSS, econometric modeling, model control language, schema, process manager, inference processor, demonLThis paper examines the feasibility of developing an 'artificially inteligent econometrician' as an active decision support system (ADSS) in the sense articulated by (Manheim, 1988). We review the system components of an ADSS and then relate them to a modeling system for econometric analysis that we have implemented. (continued)5364?Jacob, V.S. Pirkul, H.1992<A framework for supporting distributed group decision-making17-28Decision Support Systems8`expertise sharing, groupd decision support systems, knowledge, networked knowledge-based systemsGroup decision support systems (GDSS) have been proposed as tools for aiding the group decision making process. Research in GDSS has focused primarily on facilitating group meetings. However, meetings form only one aspect of the group decision problem solving process. In fact it is desirable to reduce the number of meetings, especially if the group members are in geographically distant locations. (continued)2401?Westland, J.C.1992.Self-organizing executive information networks41-53Decision Support Systems8eexecutive support systems, neural networks, information systems architecture, self-organizing systems Organisations acquire decision support systems in order to deliver the information needed for decision making. But at executive levels, rapid changes in organizational structure or executive decision making can quickly obsolete an existing information dissemination structure. Insights gained from prior research in executive activities, executive support systems, and neural networks are used in this research to design an adaptive, self-organizing system for the dissemination of information to executives. (continued)3399?Yadav, S.B. Khazanchi, D.19925Subjective understanding in strategic decision making55-71Decision Support Systems8cognitive lens, cognitive lens support systems, cognitive model, ill-structured problem, understanding activities, strategic planning process, inquiry mode, problem understandinggDecision makers and people in general are constantly involved with understanding, formulating, and solving problems. Many of the problems faced by decision makers fall into the ill-structured/ill-defined category - as contrasted with well-structured/well-defined problems. This is especially true of problems faced by strategic decision makers. (continued)1398 ? Smith, G.F.1992.Towards a theory of managerial problem solving29-40Decision Support Systems8@managerial problems, managerial problem solving, decision makingEManagerial problem solving, action-oriented thought in organizational contexts, is a key target of DSS intervention and has been extensively researched from a number of perspectives. Nonetheless, this domain is poorly understood, practice remaining largely beyond the range of effective scientific prescription. (continued)7400s?Arunkumar, S. Janakiram, N.1991DKnowledge based apporach to productivity managment in rayon industry199-219Decision Support Systems7rknowledge base, productivity targets, strategic, tactical, operational, monitor, evaluator, controller, deviationsPIntelligent System for Productivity Management (ISPM) facilitates management of productivity by setting appropriate strategic, tactical and opertaional objectives, measuring and comparing actual performance with targets and suggesting suitable control actions, as well as techniques for improvements, in case of deviations. (continued)6406U?"McGovern, J. Samson, D. Wirth, A.1991-Knowledge acquisition for intelligent systems263-272Decision Support Systems7eintelligent decision systems, knowledge acquisition, decision analysis, expert systems, text analysisPThe combination of Decision Analysis and Expert Systems as Intelligent Decision Systems is proposed as a means of supporting strategic decision making. An approach to knowledge acquisition for such systems is to use domain independent aid to acquire problem knowldege, including strucutre, directly from the decision maker. (continued)5403<?Agarwal, R. Tanniru, M.1992:A structured methodology for developing production systems483-499Decision Support Systems8rule-based systems, software engineering, structured methodology, production systems, system maintenance, expert systems, rule base modularizationIssues such as project management, documentation, and maintenance, typically associated with large traditional software development projects have recently become important concerns in the development of expert systems. We describe a structured methodology for the development of production rule-based expert systems. The methodolgy prescribes a procedure to help knowledge engineers manage the complexity of a knowldege base by viewing rule and parameter dependencies at successive levels of abstraction. (continued)5417?Chen, Z.1992FUser responsibility and exception handling in decision support systems537-540Decision Support Systems86user responsibility, mental models, exception handlingThe role of user responsiblity in decision support systems (DSS) has been omitted in recent studies of some important issues. one such important issue is exception handling. In this short note, the role of user responsiblity in exception handling is examined. The importance of user responsiblity is emphasized, a possible approach is outlined which supports user responsibility in exception handling through the consideration of mental models.7419?(Singh, M.G. Bennavail, J.C. Chen, Z.J.1992ZA group decision tool for combining subjective estimates based on an optimization approach541-549Decision Support Systems8>Group decision making, decision support systems, optimisation.In this paper a powerful new approach is described for combining the subjective estimates of a number of managers into a single model by combining the modle calibration with an optimization procedure. (continued)2420w?Bui, T. Loebbecke, C.1996tSupporting cognitive feedback using system dynamics: A demand model of the Global System of Mobile telecommunication83-98Decision Support Systems17xcognitive modeling, problem solving by feedback analysis, system dynamcis and simulation, telecommunciations forecasting%Cognitive feedback has been known to be useful in providing decision makers with insights for enhancement of the mdoeling process. This paper proposes a design methodology to embed functionalities that integrate cognitive feedback in a computer-based decision support environment. (continued)1424X?Belz, R. Mertens, P.1996OCombining knowledge-based systems and simulation to solve rescheduling problems141-157Decision Support Systems17bknowledge-based systems, intelligent front ends, manufacturing, production, scheduling, simulation@Knowledge-based systems can help to enlarge the application range for simulation. Acting as intelligent front-ends they communicate with the suer and provide statistical knowledge. As an example, the paper presents SIMULEX, a prototype decision support system for short-term rescheduling in manufacturing. (continued)5427q?4Mennecke, B.E. Crossland, M.D. Killingsworth, B.L.2000Is a map more than a picture? The role of SDSS technology, subject characteristics, and problem complexity on map reading and problem solving601-629 MIS Quarterly244cognitive fit theory, geographic information systems, map reading, problem solving, spatial decision support systems, subject characteristics, task complexityThis research investigated how the use of a spatial decision support system (SDSS) - a type of geographic information system (GIS) - influenced the accuracy and efficiency of different types of problem solvers (ie. professionals versus students) completing problems of varied complexity. This research - the first to simultaneously study these variables - examined subjects who completed a problem involving spatially-referenced information. (continued)1600?Gopal, A. Prasad, P.2000YUnderstanding GDSS in symbolic context: Shifting the focus from technology to interaction509-546 MIS Quarterly243Jgroup decision support systems, symbolic interaction, qualitative researchGDSS has enjoyed about a decade and a half of vigorous research activity. Throughout this time, a problem that has occupied the research community is the inconsistent research results that have been obtained. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether the reason for these inconsistencies is rooted in the epistemological mode that has prevailed and to offer an alternative epistemological lens that mgiht help advance our understanding of GDSS use and research. (continued)2632k?Tractinsky, N. Meyer, J.1999pChartjunk or goldgraph? effects of presentation objectives and content desirability on information presentation397-420 MIS Quarterly233information presentation, communication visuals, self-presentation, impression management, presentation preferences, business graphics, information desirability, graphic displays, graphic designMost research on information presentation is based on the rational approach to display design. This apporach assumes that the quality of displays is determined by their relative efficacy to provide the relevant information for the viewer, as assessed through variables such as response latency, accuracy or decision quality. However presentation often are intended to convince viewers and create desired impressions. These considerations may lead to the choice of dsiplays that differ from those prescribed by the rational approach. Three experiments addressed the degree to which the presenter's objectives and the desirability of the presented information affect presenters' preference for display formats. (continued)1627?Ricketts, J.A.1990 Powers-of-ten information biases63-77 MIS Quarterly141information biases, information error, information systems managment and control, decision support systems, information theory, empirical findings, experimental results, risk, systems analysis and design.gPowers-of-ten ifnroamtion biases arise when recurring numeric information is consistently inflated or deflated by a power of ten. Such biases are difficult to detect becaquse the information stream is internally consistent and external verification is impeded. This study confirms earlier findings that information bias detection rates are low. (continued)3630?%Mohan, L. Holstein, W.K. Adams, R.B.1990%EIS: It can work in the public sector435-448 MIS Quarterly144executive information systems, government informations systems, private sector vs. public sector systems, data problems, implementation issues, prototypingAdvances in the development of executive information systems (EIS) have predominantly occurred in the private sector, with far less progress taking place in the public sector. Surely, the need for EIS in the public sector exists. Despite problems of EIS development in the public sector, successful systems can be built. This paper explores the differences between public and private systems and describes an EIS developed for a large agency of the New York state government. (continued)3494"?Rao, H.R. Jacob, V.S. Lin, F.1992sHemispheric specialization, cognitive differences, and their implication for the design of decision support systems145-151 MIS Quarterly162HRobey and Taggart, in an article in the June 1982 issue of MIS Quarterly, set forth an interesting proposal regarding the roles of man and machine. They called for an appropriate division on labor between the electronic computer and the human 'bio computer' for information processing and decision support systems. (continued)1496$?5Kraemer, K.L. Danaiger, J.N. Dunkle, D.E. King, J.L.1993?The usefulness of computer-based information to public managers129-148 MIS Quarterly172tcomputer based information, usefulness of information, public managers, knowledge executives, style of computing useThis study uses data from 260 public managers to assess two broad images of the potential of information technology and computer-based information (CBI) to serve public managers: the "knowledge executive" and the "CBI consumer". (continued)7633?Zigurs, I. Kozar, K.A.1994:An exploratory study of roles in computer-supported groups277-297 MIS Quarterly183Tgroup support systems, electronic meeting systems, roels, group interaction process.The emerging technology of group support systems has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of team work in organizations. One critical factor that has received little attention in technology-supported environments is that of the roles participants fill in meetings. This paper develops a theoretical model of roles in computer supported meetings and examines the impact of a group support system on roles. (continued)2625? Massetti, B.1996VAn empirical examination of the value of creativity support systems on idea generation83-97 MIS Quarterly201dDSS, software quality, brainstorming software packages, interface characteristics, user satisfactionxBecause organisations seek more innovative ways to compete, the ability of their employees to generate new and valuable ideas becomes a fundamental survival skill. To the extent that computer software might enhance the creative performance of indivaul users, organizations might ulitmately apply such tools to enhance the creative performance of their employees. (continued)1626k?Chidambaram, L.19963Relational development in computer-supported groups143-165 MIS Quarterly202group support systems, (GSS), social information processing, media richness, affiliation motive in groups, relational development]This study examines how group attitudes and outcomes evolve over time with repeated use of a group support system. Social Information Processing (SIP) theory, which suggests that relational intimacy may take longer to develop in computer-supported groups, was used as the basis for testng a temporally bounded model of group behaviour. (continued)2628s? Dennis, A.R.1996vInformation exchange and use in group decision making: You can lead a group to information but you can't make it think433-455 MIS Quarterly204@GSS, group support systems, information exchange, hidden profilefOrganizations often build groups with members from different areas so that a wider range of information and opinions can be considered. When members of such groups share the information they have, the group has a whole can access a larger pool of information than any one member acting alone, potentially enabling them to make better decisions. (continued)2629? Tan, B.C.Y. Teo, H-H. Wei, K-K.19953Promoting consensus in small decision making groups251-259Information & Management28Pgroup support systems, consensus monitor, group decision making, group consensusGroups are sometimes convened to make decisions that promote wider acceptance of and greater commitment to the results. to accomplish this objective, groups need to achieve an acceptable consensus level. Group support systems (GSS) offer a means of enhancing consensus. In this study, a consensus monitor incorporated in a GSS was used by small decision making groups in an experimental setting. (continued)2739?Chan, Y,E. Storey, V.C.1996GThe use of spreadsheets in organizations: Determinants and consequences119-134Information & Management313end-user computing, spreadsheets, software packagesSpreadsheets have long been recognized as important tools for end-user computing. This research explores their use within business organizations. A survey was carried out to investigate the relationships among tasks, spreadsheet proficiency, usage and satisfaction. The results suggested that the spreadsheet proficiency can have a greater impact on the tasks than the task can have on the spreadsheet proficiency. (continued)1743?Robichaux, B.P. Cooper, R.B.1998)GSS participation: A cultural examination287-300Information & Management33GSS, GDSS, group support, culture, participation barriers, power distance, individualism, collectivism, masculinity, femininityIt has been suggested that group support systems (GSS) reduce many meeting participation barriers. GSS impact may interact with culture, thereby affecting GSS efficacy in a given context. However, since the majority of GSS research is based on studies in the United States, implications of this interaction for different cultural settings are not obvious. A research model is developed to help identify effects of cultural settings. (continued)27427? Saunders, C. Miranda, S.19980Information acquisition in group decision making55-74Information & Management34`group support systems, electronic meeting systems, information access, decision-making processes>This study focused on accessing information during group decision making across traditional face-to-face and group support systems (GSS) environments for two different types of tasks. It also explored the impact of varying access patterns on the quality of the group decisions in a laboratory experiment. (continued)2741? Kwok, R.C.W. Khalifa, M.1998&Effect of GSS on knowledge acquisition307-315Information & Management34xcollaborative learning, organizational learning, group support systems, technology-based learning, knowledge acquisitionThe study discussed here investigated the contribution of group support system(s) (GSS) to a particular aspect of organizational learning: knowledge acquisition at the group level. We present a model explaining the enabling effects of GSS on important attributes of effective collaborative learning that elad to higher levels of knowledge acquisition and discuss the results of an empirical study designed to test the predictions of the model. (continued)2740? Aiken, M. Paolillo, J.2000+An abductive model of group support systems87-94Information & Management37?group support systems, electronic meetings, modeling, abductionFew researchers have attempted to model group support system meeting behaviour mathematically. Using Abductive Information Modeling (AIM), we show that group size and idea generation type are primary predictors of group process satisfaction. While similar to artificial neural networks, abduction frequently provides simpler models and yields weights for links among the model variables. Results show that the interrelationships among the model variables are non linear.2723]? Aiken, M. Waller, B.20003Flaming among first-time group support system users95-100Information & Management37Qelectronic meetings, group support systems, brainstorming, disinhibition, flamingsNumerous benefits, including increases in efficiency, effectiveness, and participant sastisfaction, have been noted in the literature when electronic meetings are used in place of traditional, oral meetings. However, several costs, or process losses, have alos been observed, including an increase in 'flaming' characterized by insults or even obscenities. (continued)2724? Jain, B.A. Solomon, J.S.2000]The effect of task complexity and conflict handling styles on computer-supported negotiations161-168Information & Management37rnegotiation support systems, electronic meeting systems, conflict handling systems, group decision support systemsjPrior research has indicated that groups using Negotiation Support Systems (NSS) acheive better outcomes than face-to-face groups. However, these studies indicated that the main source of value added is provided by the Decision Support System (DSS) component, with very little additional value provided by the electronic communication component. This study examines the value added by the electronic communication component, taking into consideration task complexity and conflist handling style of the participants. Both these are likely to impact the extent to which computer-support enhances negotiation outcomes.8719?Teo, T.S.H. Choo, W.Y.2001GAssessing the impact of using the Internet for competitive intelligence67-83Information & Management39dinternet, competitive intelligence, quality, benefits, information sue, structural equation modelingThe Internet, as an information-rich resource and an interorganizational communications tool, has transformed the way that firms gather, produce and transmit competitive intelligence (CI). Yet, there is little empirical work on the impact of the Internet on CI and the subsequen effects of the organization. A questionnaire survey is used to gather data for the study. (continued)3720?(Kwok, R.C.W. Ma, J. Vogel, D. Zhou, D.2001DCollaborative assessment in education: An application of a fuzzy GSS243-253Information & Management39`assessment, business education, fuzzy sets, technology supported learning, group support systemsEducators are increasingly pressed to deal effectively and efficiently with multiple criteria evaluation in a variety of circumstances as students become more actively involved in assessment. This paper demonstrates that a 'fuzzy set' collaborative assessment apporach implemented with a group support system (GSS) can be successfully applied in university classroom contexts. (continued)2721i? Gelderman, M.2002STask difficulty, task variablility and satisfaction with management support systems593-604Information & Management39emanagement support systems, task structure, EIS functionality, DSS functionality, MSS success, surveyRFrom its inception, the notion of management support systems (MSS) has been closely linked to task structure, which influences both the need for management support and the ability to provide it. This article presents the results of an empirical analysis to show the relation between task structure and satisfaction with MSS. (continued)7601?Benders, J. Manders, F.19931Expert systems and organizational decision-making207-213Information & Management25organisational decision making, expert systems, knowledge based systems, advice, human factors, process organization, effectivenessExpert systems incorporate decision-making processes, and can be considered as the mechanization of human thinking. Whereas they are attributed many advantages such as improved decision-making and productivity increases, managers need to realize that such gains are unlikely to be realized unless ample attention is paid to the organizational embeding of expert systems. Knowledge erosion, manipulation of data, and high maintenance costs are but some of the phenomena that endager the successful use of expert systems. Unless managers are aware of such potential threats and unless actions are taken, expert systems effectiveness can be seriously damaged.5499?2May, J.H. Spangler, W.E. Wendell, R.E. Zaun, H.U.1991\A knowledge-based approach for improving information and decision making in a small business177-189Information & Management21]decision support systems, knowledge-based systems, systems development, production managementThis article describes the development of a prototype knowledge-based decision support system for a small manufacturing company. The prototype was designed to aid in the diagnosis and resolution of various production problems, as well as to assist in the collection and recording of information required for improved management decision making, as the first step toward a fully-integrated, real-time expert system for productivity management. (continued)5722?$Biros, D.P. George, J.F. Zmud, R.W.2002`Inducing sensitivity to deception in order to improve decision making performance: A field study119-144 MIS Quarterly262Yinformation quality, data security, data integrity, error detection, deception dectection[When an organization's members depend on the data contained in computer-based systems, they become vulnerable to strategic information manipulation. That is, they become susceptible to situations where their decision-making behaviours can be influenced by others able to access and manipulate this data. This paper describes the results of a field experiment that examines the effects of alternative interventions aimed at inducing sensitivity to the possiblility of manipulated data on professionals' tas-related decision behaviours: deception detection, false alarms, and task accuracy. (continued)3631?Gottschalk, P.2000oPredictors of IT support for knowledge management in the professions: An empirical study fo law firms in Norwar69-78!Journal of Information Technology15Knowledge management is an increasingly important source of competitive advantage for organizations. Knowledge embedded in an organization's business processes and an employee's skills provide a firm with unique capabilities for delivering a product or service to customers. Law firms represent an industry which seems very well suited for knowledge management investigation. Law firms are knowledge intensive and the use of advanced technology may transform these organizations in the future. (continued)6613W?#Marginson, D. King, M. Mcaulay, L.2000mExecutives' use of information technology: comaprison of electronic mail and an accounting information system149-164!Journal of Information Technology15oThe use of electronic mail and the non-use of an accounting information system (IS) by a group of executives ata major telecommunications company provided the opportunity of exploring the reasons why executives use information technology (IT). The paper dreas on qualitative and quantitative research data to give a holistic and integrative explanation. (continued)1620?Mawhinney, C.H. Lederer, A.L.19903A study of personal computer utlization by managers243-253Information & Management18computer usage, personal computer utilization, end-user computing, user satisfaction, user characteristics, managerial performance^Personal computer (PC) utilization has become an importatn concern due to the PC's widespread and rapid implementation in the work place. A field study evaluated the responses of 105 managers who were PC users. The research model viewed PC utilization as a function of organizational, personal, computer system, and process attributes. (continued)7737?Berztiss, A.T.1990+Software methodologies for decision support221-229Information & Management18Gexpert systems, modularization, object orientation, SF, unreliable dataAutomation of complex decision-making processes in business enterprises depends on the satisfactory solution of two major problems: the management of unreliable data and the cost-effective introduction of expert systems. This paper shows that there exists appropriate frameworks to support the solution of both problems, and suggests ways in which practical software methodologies can be developed within these frameworks. It also indicates where additional research is required.5498*?Beauclair, R.A. Straub, D.W.1990BUtlizing GDSS technology: Final report on a recent empirical study213-220Information & Management18]group decision support systems, computer supported cooperative work, decision support systemsIn recent years, Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) technology has attracted considerable research interest. Proponents argue that GDSS can improve group decisions by supporting face-to-face conferencing, remote site teleconferencing, and remote/local computer conferencing. Emerging capabilities in telecommunications technology have enhanced these prospects. A survey of 135 randomly-selected organizations determined that GDSS are gradually being incorporated into the organization's information system (IS) portfolio. (continued)2738L?Thow-Yick, L. Huu-Phuong, T.1990?Management expert systems for competitive advantage in business195-201Information & Management18Vinformation technology, information systems, expert systems, management expert systemsHWhile some areas of informationt ehcnology are gradually slackening into the position of competitive necessity, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is emerging as a competitive weapon. The three areas of AI that have immediate economic values are robotics, natural language processing, and expert systems (ES). (continued)5483?Vogel, D. Nunamker, J.1990EGroup decision support sytem impact: multi-methodological exploration15-28Information & Management18@group decision support systems, GDSS, MIS research methodologiesThis paper documents multi-methodological exploration of the impact of Group Decision support systems. Examples of our studies are used to illustrate the use of six methodologies: mathematical simulation, software engineering, case, survey, field study, lab experiment, and conceptual (subjective/argumentative) based on an established taxonomy of MIS research methods. Examples of synergism attained through use of mult-methodological approach are provided.2646? Zviran, M.1990LISSPSS: A decision support system for information systems strategic planning345-359Information & Management19zDecision support systems (DSS), IS planning, strategic planning, IS objectives, organizational objectives, hardware policyThis paper describes a Decision Support System (DSS) for strategic planning of Information Systems (IS) named ISSPSS (Information Systems Strategic Planning Support System) and the experience of its implementation. (continued)1736?Aggarwal, A.K.1990%Simulation as DSS modelling technique295-305Information & Management19Rmodel-centred DSS, modeling interfaces, simulation, transient systems, applicationTechnological advanbces of the 1980's have changed the ways managers are using information to make decisions. Advances in management science and improvements in information technology are allowing decision makers to use techniques that were prveiously unavailable and/or limited to mainframes. This paper discusses the use of one such technique, simulation, to model the non-steady (transient) behavior exhibited by many business applications. (continued)1735? Te'eni, D.1990ESupport systems for high level policy making: What makes them special41-50Information & Management19<policy making, DSS, decision making, government, developmentTwo information systems for Governmental policy making institutions, one in Egypt and the other in Israel, are compared and contrasted to understand and describe the unique character of the decision making activities in such institutions. It is argued, that the underlying model of decision processes that is assumed in the design of conventional DSS is inadequte of very high level policy making environments. (continued)1734?Udo, G.J. Davis, S.19922Factors affecting decision support system benefits359-371Information & Management23DSS, system efrectiveness, DSS benefits, industry attributes, organization attributes, intangible benefits evaluation, multivariate analysisnAlmost every DSS researcher has identifed evaluation of DSS as an important research direction. Most previous studies of DSS benefits have failed to address the intangible benefits. This study investigated the relationship of selected predictor variables with the tangible and intangible benefits of DSS utilization in the financial services industry. (continued)1484k? #Cass, K. Heintz, T.J. Kaiser, K.M.1992[An investigation of satisfaction when using a voice-synchronoous GDSS in dispersed meetings173-182Information & Management23collaborative work, group decision support systems, groupware, dispersed meetings, electronic meetings, group process, meeting outcome, face-to-face meetings, remote meetings, quality teams.This paper reports on a laboratory experiment which assesses the effect of a group decision support system (GDSS) on synchonous face-to-face and dispersed meetings with subjects linked via a voice connection. (continued)2733?!Millet, I. Mawhinney, C.H.1992Executive information systems83-92Information & Management23!EIS, MIS, DSS, periodic reportingkThe purpose of this paper is to clarify what EIs are, why they are developed, and what should be considered when such systems are proposed. Although EIS can be very valuable, there is aneed for a critical perspective and careful review of proposed investments in such systems. Various organizational conditions might lead to a premature development of EIS when the required MIS sub-structure is not yet well formed, and when investment in MIS would be more beneficial. Furthermore, for some situations, the periodic distribution of focused and integrated MIS reports may be better than the online EIS reporting mode.3485?" Vessey, I.1994RThe effect of information presentation on decision making: A cost-benefit analysis103-119Information & Management27information presentation, graph, table, decision making, decision making processes, cognitive fit, cost-benefit theory, strategy shift, performance constraints, decision support systems, DSS restrictivenesscCost-beneift theory is presented as a cohesive way of organizaing knowledge about information presentation. This theory suggests that decision makers change strategy so that they minimize the joint cost of effort and error in making a decision. Here we apply two aspects of the theory. First, the theory of cognitive fit applies to decision making on fairly simple tasks of information acquisition and simple evaluation. Certain strategies (in this case problem-solving 'processes') will dominate alternative onees when the problem representation matches the nature of the decision-making task. (continued)1732?# Hwang, M.I.1994MDecision making under time pressure: A model for information systems research197-203Information & Management27Duser/machine systems, human factors, time pressure, decision supportTime pressure affects decision making and, therefore, should be considered in the design of decision support systems. Although long recognized as an important variable, time pressure has received little attention from information systems researchers. A model of decision making under pressure is developed here. Drawing from existing theory and empirical research in psychology and human behavior, the model defines the role and relationship of relevant variables.7731?$Kydd, C.T. Ferry, D.L.1994$Managerial use of video conferencing369-375Information & Management27ivideo conferencing, media richness, telecommunications, communication, equivocality, information richnessThe use of video conferencing systems (VCS) for meeting that transcend geographical dispersion in the workplace has increased significantly in recent years. But where do video conferencing systems fit in relation to traditional communication media used the workplace? Research suggests that VCS is somewhere between the telephone and face-to-face meeting in terms of media richness. Guidelines on how to use this technology more efficiently and effectively focus on the type of meeting, the emotional content of the situation, the number of sites and individuals included and preparation for the meeting itself. Appropriate use of VCS promises to provide great benefits in productivity.2730?%Sayeed, L. Brightman, H.J.1994>Can information technology improve managerial problem finding?377-390Information & Management27Pimpact, decision making, problem finding, MIS/DSS, CMCS, diffusion, benchmarkingThe study investigated the use and effectiveness of computerized information and communications support in 90 problem and opportunity finding episodes within the banking industry. In 76 problem finding episodes, branch managers used some form of computerized information and communication support. The descriptive data suggested that branch managers frequently use Management Information Systems and Transaction Processing Systems reports to identify both operational and strategic problems. (continued)1729?&Chung, Q.B. O'Keefe, R.M.19926Provisions for naive users of model management systems225-236'European Journal of Information Systems23*Model management systems (MMS) have typically focused on model formulation or problem representation, and thus have often been conceived as tools for experienced model builders. In this paper, attention is drawn to the roles of naive users of MMS. Then we present a prototype MMS which was designed and developed with this rationale. MMS II, a frame-based prototype MMS, is a tool equipped with facilities for direct retrieval of models, guided retrieval, model modification and integration of models retrieved from different model bases. (continued)1495i?'9Wolstenholme, E.F. Gavine, A. Watts, K.M. Henderson, S.1992The design, application and evaluation of a system dynamics approach based methodology for the assessment of computerised information systems341-350'European Journal of Information Systems15BThis paper describes the development, application and evaluation of a system dynamics based methodology for the assessment of computerised information systems (CIS) carried out as part of a joint research project between the University of Bradford Management Centre and the Defence Research Agency (Military). (continued)7648N?(EGraves, G.W. McBride, R.D. Gershkoff, I. Anderson, D. Mahidhara, D.1993Flight crew scheduling736745Management Science3966crew scheluding, set partitioning, integer programmingnA new crew scheduling optimization system has been developed for United Airlines. The system was developed to permit quick response to schedule changes and to reduce crew scheduling costs. It was designed to work efficiently for both the medium sized problems (300 flights daily) and the very large problems (700 flights daily) that United must solve. (continued)1486?)Hoffman, K.L. Padberg, M.1993:Solving airline crew scheduling problems by branch-and-cut657-682Management Science396zero-one programming, set partitioning, crew scheduling, polyhedral cuts, preprocessing, heuristics, automatic reformulation, branch-and-cut, scientific computationkThe crew scheduling problem is one that has been studed almost continually for the past 40 years but all prior approaches have always approximated the problem of finding an optimal scheudle for even the smallest of an airline's fleets. The problem is especially important today since costs for flying personnel of major U.S. carriers have grown and now often exceed $1.3 billion a year and are the second largest item (next to fuel cost) of the total operating cost of major US carriers. Thus even small percentage savings amount to substantial dollar amounts. We present a branch-and-cut approach to solving to proven optimality large set partitioning problems arising within the airline industry. We first provide some background related to this important application and then describe the approach for solving representative problems in this problem case. (continued)1671p?*Sogomonian, A.G. Tang, C.S.1993VA modeling framework for coordinating promotion and production decisions within a firm191-203Management Science392Bmarketing/manufacturing interface, promotion, production, networkslThis paper presents a modeling framework for evaluating the benefits of coordinating promotion and production decisions over a finite planning horizon within a firm. These decisions inlcude the timing and level of promotion, and the level of production. The modeling framework consists fo the development of a baseline model and an integrated model. (continued)1673k?+2Brandeau, M.L. Owens, D.K. Sox, C.H. Wachter, R.M.1993cScreening women of childbearing age for human immunodeficiency virus: A model-based policy analysis72-92Management Science391=heath care, government programs, simulation - system dynamicsKThis paper analyzes the costs and benefits of screening women of childbearing age for HIV. The analysis is based on a dynamic compartmental model of the HIV epidemic that incorporates disease transmission and progression over time, behavioral changes, and effects of screening and associated counseling and education. (continued)1670w?,Collopy, F. Armstrong, J.S.1992xRule-based forecasting: Development and validation of an expert systems approach to combining time series extrapolations 1394-1414Management Science3810_combining forecasts, expert systems, extrapolation, judgment, rule base, rule-based forecasting1This paer examines the feasibility of rule-based forecasting, a procedure that applies forecasting expertise and domain knowledge to produce forecasts according to featrues of the data. We developed a rule base to make annual extrapolation forecasts for economic and demographic time series. (continued)5657m?-Tam, K.Y. Kiang, M.Y.1992PManagerial applications of neural networks: The case of bank failure predicitons926-947Management Science387Yneural networks, artificial intelligence, discriminant analysis, bank failure predictions]This paper introduces a neural-net approach to perform discriminant analysis in business research. A neural net represents a nonlinear discrminant function as a patter of connections between its procewswsing units. Using bank default data, the neural net approach is compared with linear classifier, logistic regression, kNN, and IDS. (continued)51088?/Rangan, V.K. Jaikumar, R.1991IIntegrating distribution strategy and tactics: A model and an application13771389Management Science3711Gmarketing: channels of distribution, retailing and wholesaling, pricingDesigning distribution systems requires two decisions, one strategic (i.e. the number of levels between the producers and the customer) and the other tactical (i.e., channel managment policies such a strade discounts and rebates). While the modeling literature focuses on one or the other, evidence from the field indicates that the two decisions are in fact interactive. In this paper we develop and the apply an integrated model that solves the strategic issue of channel levels and the tactical issue of price rebates simulataneously.1666?0 Shakun, M.F.1991gAirline buyout: Evolutionary systems design and problem restructuring in group decision and negotiation 1291-1303Management Science3710problem restructuring, evolutionary systems design, labor management negotiations and airline buyout, group decision and negotiation support systemsWe discuss problem restructuring involving evolution of the proble representation in group decision and negotiation support systems. We develop the evolutionary systems design (ESD) approach to restructuring involving a heuristic controls/goals/values referral process and other domain-independent methodological knowledge, such as constraint relaxation, contingency planning, coalition formation and flexible goal target. These ideas are applied to multiple problem restructuring in a scenario motivated by labor-management negotiations and buyout in the airline industry, in particular, a composite of negotiations at Eastern Airlines, TWA and UAL.2667?3 Stewart, T.J.1993jUse of piecewise linear value functions in interactive multicriteria decision support: A Monte Carlo study 1369-1381Management Science3911Dmulitple criteria decision making, decision analysis, approximationsthis paper describe a Monte Carlo study conducted to evaluate the effects of modelling assumptions and design parameters on the behaviour of interactive methods for the discrete choice MCDM problem, based on explicit value function models. The purpose of the study is to identify those assumptions and parameters which lead to the most efficient use of preference judgements made be the decision maker, and to the greatest robustness to judgemental errors. (continued)1470,?4(Roberts, K.H. Stout, S.K. Halpern, J.J.1994@Decision dynamics in two high reliability military organizations614-624Management Science405decision making, managing high reliability organizations, decision-making flexibility, accountability, expertise migration, decentralizationIn this research we extend theoretical development about decision making in organizations in which many kinds of errors cannot be tolerated. Catastrophic consequences can be associated with faulty decision making in reliability-seeking organizations, a situation which does not occur in most organizations studied in the past. Observations are drawn from two nuclear-powered aircraft carrier. We find decision processes which appear to change often in these organizations. (continued)7672?5 Anson, R. Bostrom, R. Wynne, B.1995VAn experient assessing group support system and faciliator effects on meeting outcomes189-208Management Science412Rgroup support systems, facilitation, meeting, group, adaptive structuration theoryiThis article reports on an experiment investigating the effects of a human facilitator and a computerized Group Support System (GSS) on group meeting outcomes. These treatments were applied in the same way as they are in real organizational situations, with experimental condidtions used to control confounding influences on other outside factors. (continued)2482?6Covaliu, Z. Oliver, R.M.1995SRepresentation and solution of decision problems using sequential decision diagrams 1860-1881Management Science4112asymetric decision problem, decision analysis, decision tree, influence diagram, markov decision process, model representation, node history, sequential decision diagram, value function decompositionwIn this paper we introduce a new graph, the sequential decision diagram, to aid in modeling, formulation, and solution of sequential decision problems under uncertainty. While as compact as an influence diagram, the sequential diagram captures the asymmetric and sequential aspects of decision problems as effectively as decision trees. We show that a unifeid framework, consisting of a sequential diagram, an influence diagram, and a common formulation table for the problem's data, suffices for compact and consistent representation, economical formulation, and efficient solution of (asymetric) decision problems. (continued)1663s?7!Yasai-Ardekani, M. Nystrom, P.C.1996IDesigns for environmental scanning systems: Tests of a contingency theory187-204Management Science422eenvironmental scanning, contingency theory, strategic planning, top management, organizational designTThis study copared the relationships between organizational context and the designs of environmental scanning systems for organizations with effective and ineffective scanning systems. The study analyzed data from over 100 North American business organizations. Results indicated that organizations with effective scanning systems tend to align their scanning designs with the requirements of their context. On the other hand, the results show that organizations with ineffective scanning systems typically fail to exhibit the requisite level of alignment between contexts and scanning design.3664?8Ahn, J-H. Hornberger, J.C.1996jInvolving patients in the Cadaveric kidney transplant allocation process: A decision theoretic perspective629-641Management Science425Rkidney dialysis, kidney transplantation, decision analysis, action-timing problemsThe United Network for Organ Sharing system of allocating cadaveric kidneys for transplantation permits only minimal involvement of patients in the selection process. The system ignores potential variations in the importance that patients may attach to outcomes associated with the transplant decision. For instance, some patients may prefer only kidneys that will give them a very favourable chance to achieve a successful transplant. (continued)1675?9CDittus, R.S. Klein, R.W. DeBrota, D.J. Dame, M.A. Fitzgerald, J.F.1996MMedical resident work schedules: Design and evaluation by simulation modeling891-906Management Science426Discrete-event simulation, health care, input modeling, scheduling and staffing, model validation, continuity of care, sleep deprivationSociety has demanded reform in medical resident work scheduling; consequently, hospitals are implementing changes having organizational, clinical, financial, social, emotional, and educational consequences for physical training and patient care. We report the use of simulation modeling as an approach to evaluate the outcomes of alternative designs prior to implementation. (continued)1665?: Hill, T. O'Connor, M. Remus, W.1996/Neural network models for time series forecasts 1082-1092Management Science427.neural networks, time series, back propagationNeural networks have been advocated as an alternative to traditional statistical forecasting methods. In the present experiment, time series forecasts produced by neural networks are compared with forecasts from six statistical time series methods generated in a major forecasting competition (Makridakis et al. 1982); the traditional method forecasts were estimated by experts in the particular technique. the neural networks were estimated using the same ground rules as the competition. Across monthly and quarterly time series, the neural networks did significantly better than traditional methods. As suggested by theory, the neural networks were particularly effective for discontinuous time series.1661?<,Lipscomb, J. Parmigiani, G. Hasselblad, V.1998XCombining expert judgment by hierarchical modeling: An application to physician staffing149-161Management Science442Vopinion pooling, hierachcial models, bayesian inference, health workforce requirementsExpert panles are playing an increasingly important role in U.S. health policy decision making. A fundamental issue in these applications is how to synthesize the judgments of individual experts into a group judgment. In this paper we propose an approach to synthesis based on Bayesian hierarchical models, and apply it to the problem of determining physician staffing at medical centers operated by the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs (VA). (continued)2660 ?=Meade, N. Islam, T.1998RTechnological forecasting - model selection, model stability, and combining models 1115-1130Management Science448Oinnovation diffusion, model selection, combination of forecasts, logistic curveThe paper identifies 29 models that the literature suggests are appropriate for technological forecasting. These models are divided into three classes according to the timing of the point of inflexion in the innovation or subsititution process. Faced with a given data set and such a choice, the issue of model selecction needs to be addressed. Evidence used to aid model selection is drawn from measures of model fit and model stability. An analysis of the forecasting performance of these models using simulated data sets shwos that it is easier to identify a class of possible models rather than the 'best' model. This leads to the combining of model forecasts. The performance of the combined forecasts appears promising with a tendency to outperform the individual component models.1662??Anderson, T.J.2001rInformation technology, strategic decision making approachers and organizational performance in different settings101-119(Journal of Strategic Information Systems10rInformation technology, communication enhancement, intranet, internet, automony, participation, strategic planningThe present study considers potential performance effects associated with the communication enhancing capacity of information technology. Enhancement of an organization's communication capabilites may influence performance through improved strategic decision making, better coordination of strategic actions and by facilitating learning from strategic initiatives. Accordingly, the paper investigates the effects of interanl communication through use of computer networks, Intranet, and external coumminication via the Internet in assoication with automonous and participatory strategic decision making approaches and strategic planning. (continued)7655W?@ Madon, S.1992bComputer-based information systems for developement planning: the significance of cultural factors250-257(Journal of Strategic Information Systems158culture, development administration, information systemsONew technological advances in microelectronics have recently prompted a number of developing countries to introduce computer-based information systems as a strategic tool for promoting socio-economic development. Despite efforts, these initiatives have not resulted in more effective planning and monitoring systems. Apart from problems related to inadequte resources and infrastructure, experience suggest that the introduction of information technology for development planning implies cultrual values which are fundamentally at variance with those of traditional societies. (continued)3497?AKock, N. McQueen, R.J.1998Groupware support as a moderator of interdeparmental knowledge communication in process improvement groups: An action research study183-198Information Systems Journal8caction research, email conferencing, groupware, organizational learning, process improvement groupsThis paper presents a review of the organizational learning literature that points to process improvement (PI) gropus as an appropriate tool for organizational knowldege communication. Based on this review, the impact of support provided by a class of groupware systems, email conferencing (EC) on knowledge dissemination in organizations is exained in the context of PI groups. Data were collected through an action research project, in which the researcher facilitated seven PI groups in two organizations with the support of an EC system implemented with Novell Groupwise and using a group methodology for PI called MetaProi. (continued)26524?BSeeley, M.E. Targett, D.1997%A senior executive end-user framework289-308Information Systems Journal7_senior executives, end-user computing, personal computing, end-user frameworks, grounded theoryCSenior executives make decisions about their organization's information technology (IT) budgets that often involve substantial expenditure. Yet, in terms of their own competence in using IT, there is evidence to suggest that they may not be the best members of the organization to make such decisions. This paper reports on a study of 85 applications these executives use to support them at an individual level. The research design and methodologies were based on the principles of grounded theory. The primary source of data collection was in-depth interviews. A number of end-user frameworks have been developed by previous authors: however, most are more pertinent to middle and junior managers. Based on the analysis of the data from this study an end-user framework is proposed tha is more appropriate for senior executives.7653?C McBride, N.1997BThe rise and fall of an executive information system: A case study277-287Information Systems Journal7Aexecutive information systems, contingency theory, implementationThe progress of an executive information sytem project within a manufacturing organization over a period of 9 years is described. The case study illustrates the importance of the interaction between the business environment, the organizational environment and the perceptions and interpretations of events and facts by stakeholders on the success or failure of an information system. It shows the importance of context in the development and implementation of an executive information system and the dynamic nature of the influence of social, economic and technical factors. The reasons for the initial success and the subsequent failure of the EIS within the compnay are explored from a contingency perspective.31094?EHolden, T. Wilhelmij, P. 1995/1996zImproved decision making through better integration of human resource and business process factors in a hospital situation21-41)Journal of Management Information Systems123fbusiness process modeling, business reengineering, organizational knowledge, team oriented management.-Business procerss models are designed in isolation but must be applied in real orgnaizational and business situations. A key management concern is how to identify the nonprocess factors that allow a busienss process to achieve maximum performance. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of the KNOVA (KNOwledge Value-Added) technique to the problem of making visible hitherto intangible people, culture, and knowledge factors that can easily influence the success or failure of a business process. We illustrate its application to the processes of a diagnostic team within a department of a large hospital. Two benefits ensue: (1) the articulation of a common understanding of the factors that affect team performance and, (2) the pinpointing of resrouce investment to maintain and reduce risk or cost.6711<?HSatzinger, J.W. Olfman, L.1995fComputer support for group work: Perceptions of the usefulness of support scenarios and end-user tools115-148)Journal of Management Information Systems114cend user perceived needs, groupware, group support systems, group work, technology acceptance modelComputer support for group work - often called "groupware" - is receiving considerable attention from researchers and system developers. Despite these efforts, not much is really known about user-percieved needs for group support. This study surveyed professional employees and managers about their perceived needs for various types of group work support technologies - support for face-to-face meetings, support for electronic meetigns,a nd support for group work between meetings. (continued)2592?LCGalletta, D.F. Hartzel, K.S. Johnson, S.E. Joseph, J.L. Rustagi, S. 1996/1997CSpreadsheet presentation and error detection: An experimental study45-63)Journal of Management Information Systems133Jelectronic spreadsheets, information system audits, spreadsheet validationRThe pervasiveness and impact of electronic spreadsheets have generated serious concerns about theirt integrity and validity when used in significant decision-making settings. Previous studies have shown that few of the errors that mgiht exist in any given spreadsheet are found, even when the reviewer is explicity looking for errors. it was hypthesized that differences in the spreadsheet's presentation and their formulas could affect the detection rate of these errors. A sample of 113 M.B.A. students volunteered to search for eight errors planted in a one-page spreadsheet. (continued)1705?M0Briggs, R.O. Nunamaker Jr, J.F. Sprague Jr, R.H. 1997/1998)1001 unanswered research questions in GSS3-21)Journal of Management Information Systems1432900_?NKelly, G.G. Bostrom, R.P. 1997/1998nA facilitator's general model for managing socioemotional issues in group support systems meeting environments23-44)Journal of Management Information Systems143Yelectronic meeting facilation, group support systems, socioemotional aspects of meetings.This paper addresses the socioemotional dimension in group support systems (GSS) meeting environments from the perspective of the facilitator. A model is presented and discussed. This model represents how facilitators perceive and manage sociemotional issues in a GSS environment. The role of GSS in the model is also explored. The research methodology for gathering and analyszing the data in this paper was based on critical incent technique and semistructured interviews with twenty six experienced facilitators. (continued)2903S?OPinsonneult, A. Heppel, N. 1997/1998gAnonymity in group support systems research: A new conceptualization, measre, and contingency framework89-108)Journal of Management Information Systems143Zanonymity, computer-based collaborative work, group decision making, group support systems Anonymity is a fundamental concept in group support systems (GSS) research. It is expected to reduce fear of social disapporval and of evaluation, and to lower inhibition and censorship. This is believed to create an environment that improves participation and communication, that promotes more objective and honest evaluation of ideas, and that enhances the productivity of gropus and their decision-making process. However, empirical evidence about what are the effects of anonymity in GSS is inconclusive. (continued)2902?Q"Lenard, M.J. Madey, G.R. Alam, P.1998aThe design and validation of a hybrid information system for the auditor's going concern decision219-237)Journal of Management Information Systems144aauditor's going concern assessment, expert systems, hybrid information systems, system validationDeicison making in a semistructured environment often involves the use of quantitative, structured analysis along with the qualitative judfment of an expert. Decision support systems and expert systems are often devleoped to assist in this judgment process. The hybrid information system described in this paper combines a statistical model with a rule-based expert system in order to integrate the quantitative and qualitative aspects of decision making. The GC Advisor hybrid system is designed for use by auditors to assess the ability of the client firm to continued as a going concern. The guidelines for expert system validation given in previous literature are then applied to the validation of GC Advisor.5710?SHine, M.J. Goul, M.1998cThe design, development, and validation of a knowledge-based organizational learning support system119-152)Journal of Management Information Systems152jknowledge-based decision support systems, organizational decision support systems, organizational learningRIt is generally agreed that organizational learning involves the processes of developing and exchaning organizational members' underlying opinions, assumptions, and interpretations of the environment. This exploratory research applies innovative information technology (IT) to support and facilitate orgnaizational learning. (continued)5463s?T Ahituv, N. Igbaria, M. Sella, A.1998OThe effects of time pressure and completeness of information on decision making2)Journal of Management Information Systems199815decision making, effectiveness of incomplete information, information effectiveness, time-contrained decision making, value of informationThe Israeli Air Force (IAF) has developed a simulation system to train its top commanders in how to use defensive resources in the face of an aerial attack by enemy combat aircraft. During the simulation session, the commander in charge allocates airborne and standby resources and dispatches or diverst aircraft to intercept intruders. Seventy-four simulation sessions were conducted in order to examine the effects of time pressure and completeness of information on the performance of twenty nine top IAF commanders. (continued)7462?U0Satzinger, J.W. Garfield, M.J. Nagasundaram, M.1999OThe creative process: The effects of group memory on individual idea generation143-160)Journal of Management Information Systems154Obrainstorming, creativity, group memory, group support systems, idea generationXTo compete in today's rapidly paced business environment, many companies are increasingly relying on their employees to generate creative solutions to business problems. Specifically, through the use of idea-generation techniques, business owners hope to promote creative idea generaion by their employees. Several leading corporations (and, concomitantly, researchers) have become interested in the use of group support systems (GSS) to enhance idea generation. A key component of the GSS-based idea-gneration process is group memory, a repository of ideas created by users of a GSS. (continued)2706?V&De Vreede, G-J. Jones, N. Mgaya, R.J. 1998/1999KExploring the application and acceptance of group support systems in Africa197-234)Journal of Management Information Systems153kcross-cultural studies, field study, group support systems, grounded theory research, technology acceptancejCross-cultural GSS field studies are scarce. Althou the state of knowledge and theory development in this area warrants a focus on descriptive field explorations, most cross-cultural GSS research has taken place in laboratory environments. The study reported here represents the first detailed descriptive field study of GSS application in Africa. (continued)2904?WKim, C.N. McLeod Jr, R.1999qExpert, linear models, nonlinear models of expert decision making in bankruptcy prediction: A lens model analysis189-206)Journal of Management Information Systems161sdecision strategy, human expert, inductive learning, lens model, linear model, nonlinear model, predictive validityAnalysis of human judgment and decision amking provides useful methodologies for examining the human decision process and substantive results. one such methodology is a lens model analysis. We used such a mdoel to study how well a model of expert decisions can capture a valid strategy in the decision process. The study also addresses whether a model of an expert can be more accurate than the expert. (continued)1707?XSung, T.K. Chang, N. Lee, G.1999SDynamics of modeling in data mining: Interpretive approach to bankruptcy prediction63-85)Journal of Management Information Systems161Kbankruptcy prediction, crisis management, data mining, dynamics of modeling_This paper uses a data-mining approach to develop bankruptcy prediction models suitable for normal and crisis economic conditions. it observes the dynamics of model change from normal to crisis conditions and provides interpretation of bankruptcy classifications. The bankruptcy prediction model revealed that the major variables in predicting bankruptcy were "cash flow to total assets" and "productivity of capital" under normal conditions and "cash flow to liabilities," "productivity of capital" and "fixed assets to stockholders equity and long-term liabilities" under crisis conditions. (continued)1708X?Y Walczak, S.2001YAn empirical analysis of data requirements for financial forecasting with neural networks203-222)Journal of Management Information Systems174dforecasting, foreighn exchange, neural networks, prediction accuracy, time series, training set size)Neural networks have been shown to be a promising tool for forecasting financial time series. Several design factors significantly impact the accuracy of neural network forecasts. These factors include slection of input variables, architecture of the network, and quantity of training data. The questions of input variable selection and system archetecture design have been widely researched, but the corresponding quesiton of how much information to use in producing high-quality neural network models has not been adequately addressed. (continued)5709?[Lobo, G.J. Nair, R.D.1990SCombining judgmental and statistical forecasts: An application to earnings forecast446-460Decision Sciences212 accounting, finance, forecastingThis study investigated the accuracy of combinations of statistical and judmental forecasts of annual accounting earnings. Combined forecasts were generated as equally weighted (ie. simple averages) and unequally weighted combinations of individual forecasts from time-series models of quarterly and annual earnings (statistical forecasts) and security analysts' forecasts of quarterly and annual earnings (judgmental forecasts).1863p?]Schenkerman, S.1991FUse and abuse of weights in multiple objective decision support models369-378Decision Sciences222fdecision support models, multiple criteria decision making, mathematical programming, weighting methodfthis paper examines difficulties with the use of weights to solve multiple obejctive decision support models: misunderstanding of the meaning of weights, issues of commensurability and, most important, the likely inability of weights alone to isolate the decision amker's most-preferred point. The constraint method is shown to be an attractive alternative.1861?^ Khouja, M.1991HA decision model for the robot selection problem using robust regression656-662Decision Sciences223Kdecision analysis, production/operations management, statistical techniques+Industrial robots are increasingly used by many manufacturing firms. the number of robot manufacturers has also increased with many of these firms now offereing a wide range of models. A potential user is thus faced with many options in both performance and cost. This paper proposes a decision model for the robot selection problem. the proposed model uses robust regression to identify, based on manufacturers' specifications, the robots that are the better performers for a given cost. Robust regression is used because it identifies and is resistnat to the effects of outlying observations, key components in the proposed model. The robots selected by the model become candidates for testing to verify manufacturers' specifications. The model is tested on a real data set and an example is presented.1859?_ Loy, S.L.1991|The interaction effects between general thinking skills and an interactive graphics-based DSS to support problem structuring846-868Decision Sciences2246decision support systems, human information processing An interactive graphics- based problem-structuring aid, GISMO, based on concepts from structural modeling and motivated by research in imagery theory and cognitive psychology was incorporated into a decision support system. A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the relationships between three individual general thinking skills (GTS) and the effectivenwss of the problem-structuring tool. A theoretical model of the roles of GTS and GISMO in problem formulation and a methodology for testing the model are presented. The model posits that the effectiveness of visual problem-structuring aids in formulating or understanding complex problems is influenced by specific cognitive skills. (ie. visual thinking, verbal, and logical-reasoning skills). (continued)1464?`Kottemann, J.E. Davis, F.D.1991MDecisional conflict and user acceptance of multicriteria decision-making aids918-926Decision Sciences224]decision analysis, decision processes, decision support systems, human information processingDespite the development of increasingly sophisticated and refined multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, an examination of the experimental evidence indicates that users most often prefer relatively unsophisticated methods. In this paper, we synthesize theories and empricial findings from the psychology of judgment and choice to provide a new theoretical explanation for such user preferences. Our argument centers on the assertion that the MCDM method preferred by decision makers is a function of the degree to which the method tends to introduce decisional conflict. The model we develop relates response mode, decision strategy, and the salience of decisional conlfict to user preferences among decision aids. We then show that the model is consistent with emprical results in MCDM studies. Next, the role of decisional conflict in problem formulation aids is briefly discussed. Finally, we outline future research needed to thoroughly test the theoretical mechanisms we have proposed.1466?a.Stam, A. Joachimsthaler, E.A. Gardiner, L.R.1992UInteractive multiple objective decision support for sales force sizing and deployment445-466Decision Sciences232kdecision support systems, marketing management, mathematical programming, multiple criteria decision makingaAn interactive decision aid is introduced for the deployment of two sales resources: salespeople and sales support staff. The aid consists of a normative sales resource allocation model with five objectives and an interactive multiple objective programming solution procedure. The specific decision problem addressed involves the assignment of salespeople and sales support people to customer accounts and the allocation of the time they spend on these accounts. The authors contribute to the existing sales resource modeling literature by dealing with the deployemtn of two sales resources and interactively solving this problem with respect to five short-run and long-run objectives of the firm. This approach differs from existing sales force modeling efforts in which the solution is found noninteractively by optimizing a single sales resource model with respect to a single objective, often short-run sales. An application of the decison aid to the deployment problem of an industrial sales force manager is presented. Furthermore, useful extensions of the basic sales resource allocation model are discussed.1465?b%Mackay, J.M. Barr, S.H. Kletke, M.G.1992VAn empirical invesigation of the effects of decision aids on problem-solving processes648-672Decision Sciences233Jdecision processes, decision support systems, human information processingDespite the growing number of investigations examining decision support systems (DSS), relatively few empricial studies have evaluated the effects of DSS on problem-solving processes. This study uses protocol analysis to investigate the impact of a specific decision aid on problem solving processes in a semi-structured problem. Results indicate that decision aids influence the problem-solving processes of decision makers. the effect of a decision aid is found to be contingent on familiarity with the decision aid, task familiarity, and the interaction of these two factors. Suggestions for incorporating interaction effects and problem-solving processes into future examinations are proposed.1862?c)Hansen, J.V. McDonald, J.B. Stice, J.D.1992{Artificial intelligence and generalized qualitative-response models: An empirical test on two audit decision-making domains708-723Decision Sciences233Lauditing, decision analysis, decision support systems, statistical techniqueKMachine learning methods are currently the object of considerable study by the artificial intelligence community. Research on machine learning carries implications for decision making in that it seeks computational methods that mimic input-output behaviours found in classes of decision-making examples. At the same time, research in statisitical and econometrics has resulted in the development of qualitative response models that can be applied to the same kind of problems addressed by machine-learning models- particularly those that involve a classification decision. (continued)5865?dWeitz, R.R. Jelassi, M.T.1992OAssigning students to groups: A multi criteria decision support system approach746-757Decision Sciences233Sacademic administration, computer applications, decision support systems, heuristicMCADSS is a multi-criteria allocation decision support system for assisting in the task of allocating students to groups. Based on multiple criteria, MCADSS's goal is to maximize the diversity of memebers within groups, while minimizing the average differences between groups. The project may be viewed from several perspectives : as a multi-criteria decision making problem, as "reverse" clustering problem, or as a personnel assignment problem. (continued)1860?eKim, S-L. Arinze, B.1992=A knowledge based decision support system for setup reduction 1389-1407Decision Sciences236:decision support systems, production/operations managementThe issue of setup reduction is important for firms seeking to incorporate advanced procedures and concepts such as flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing to improve manufacturing productivity. Investing adequate amounts in setup reduction is a complex decision affected by many factors including the existing level of automation, worker characteristics, product features, and the manufacturing environment. (continued)5467?f Moore, J.S.1992cA prototype expert decision support system for the market appraisal of the single family residence. 1408-1422Decision Sciences236<computer applications, decision support systems, real estateThe assessment of the current market value of residential property is a potential source of anxiety for the typical home owner. Common criticisms of the existing appraisal process include exessive subjectivity and inconsistency across properties and through time. This paper examines the nautre of decision support required for valuation decisions and the appropriateness of applying expert system technologies to evaluate the recoverable value of the single-family residence.5449?g)Philipoom, P.R. Rees, L.P. Wiegmann, L.1994YUsing neural networks to determine internally-set due-date assignments for shop sheduling825-851Decision Sciences255/6 schedulingAThe production control system for a shop can be viewed as consisting of three sequential stages, the order-promising stage, the order-release stage, and the dispatching (or shop floor) stage. The first stage, wherein a customer's job arrives and is assigned a due date, provides the focus for this research. In particular, the performance of six regresion-based due-date assignment rules found in the literature is compared with due dates determined by neural network. The purpose is to see whether neural networks hold any promise for application in this area. (continued)5851Z?h!Liberatore, M.J. Stylianou, A.C.1993\The development manager's advisory system: A knowledge-based DSS tool for project assessment953-976Decision Sciences245Ydecision analysis, decision support systems, project management, research and development4This research investigates whether the knowledge-based decision support system (KBDSS) paradigm provides the necessary supporting structure and development framework for product development evaluation. To address the research questions posed in this study, it is necessary to develop and implement KBDSS's at specific decision points along the product development cycle. This paper describes the design, development, and implementation of a KBDSS to support a product development manger's decision concerning full scale development of a new product. (continued)51089?i"Lenard, M.J. Alam, P. Madey, G.R.1995wThe application of neural networks and a qualitative response model to the auditor's going concern uncertainty decision209-227Decision Sciences2626auditing, decision processes, decision support systemsAn auditor gives a going concern undertainty opinion when the client company is at risk of failure or exhibits other signs of distress that threaten its ability to continue as a going concern. The decision to issue a going conern opion is an unstructured task that requires the use of the auditor's judgment. In cases where judgment is required, the auditor may benefit from the use of statistical analysis or other forms of decision models to support the final decision. This study uses the generalized reduced gradient (GRG2) optimizer for neural network learning, a backpropagation neural network, and a logit model to predict which firms would receive audit reports reflecting a going concern uncertainty modification. (continued)5852E?jTavana, M. Banerjee, S.1995vStrategic assessment model (SAM): A multiple criteria decision support system for evaluation of strategic alternatives119-143Decision Sciences261Tdecision analysis, decision processes, decision support systems, strategy and policyThe evaluation of strategic alternatives is a particularly difficult task. This difficulty is due to the complexities inherent in the evaluation process and the lack of structured information. The evaluation process must consider a multitude of relevant information from both the internal and external environment of the organization. Various analytical and normative models have helped decision makers utilize large volumes of information in strategic evaluation: however, most of these models have some limitation. (continued)1853?kBillman, B. Courtney, J.F.1993jAutomated discovery in managerial problem formulation: Formation of causal hyptheses for cognitive mapping23-41Decision Sciences241Jdecision processes, decision support systems, human information processingDevelopment of knowledge acquisition techniques known as automated discovery systems has occurred in deep and narrow domains of knowledge. Automated discovery is the generation of new knowledge by a computer system on its own, without the help of another knowledge source. This paper describes research and validation of an automated discovery system for a wide and shollow domain - business management. (continued)5858?lJain, B.A. Nag, B.N.1995FArtificial neural network models for pricing intitial public offerings283-302Decision Sciences263<initial public offering, neural networks, statistical modelsIn recent times, managerial application of neural networks, especially in the area of financial services, has received considerable attention. In this paper, neural network models are developed for a new application: the pricing of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs). Previous empirical studies provide consistent evidence of considerable inefficiency in the pricing of new issues. Neural network models using publicly available financail data as inputs are developed to price IPOs. The pricing performance and the economic benefits of the neural netowkr models are evaluated. Signficant economic gains are documented with neural networks. Several tests to establish generalizability and robustness of the resutls are conducted.5460?mAOlson, D.L. Moshkovich, H.M. Schellenberger, R. Mechitov, A.I.1995WConsistency and accuracy in decision aids: Experiments with four multiattribute systems723-748Decision Sciences266Kmultiattribute decision making, preference elicitation, selection decisionssThere have been a number of decision aids developed to aid selection problems. Multiattribute value theory and the analytic hierarchy process are two commonly used techniques. Different systems can result in radically different conclusions if they inaccurately and inconsistently reflect the preference structure of decision makers, or if they are based on inappropriate theoretical models. This study examines the impact of the underlying theoretical model, the method in which preference information is elicited, and the structure of alternatives as influences on the results from using various decision aids. (continued)1456(?nTeng, J.T.C. Calhoun, K.J.1996Organizational computing as a facilitaor of operational and managerial decision making: An exploratory study of managers' perceptions.673-710Decision Sciences274Kdecision support systems, end-use computing, management information systemsMuch of the current knowledge pertaining to information technology (IT) and decision making is based on decades old technologies that revolved around a central computing function and application-specific systems. The prupose of this research is to examine the IT decision-making relationship within the emerging organizational computing (OC) environment permeated by spontaneous utlization of both application and nonapplication-specific computing and communication technologies. (continued)7457q?oDilla, W.N. Stone, D.N.1997rRepresentations as decision aids: The asymmetric effects of words and numbers on auditor's inherent risk judgments709-743Decision Sciences283hauditor judment, decision processes, decision support systems, information representation, risk analysis1Decision aids often change the representations used to express risk cue information and communicate risk judgments. In this study, we hypothesize that numbers and words may have asymmetric effects when used to represent risk cue information as opposed to when used to communicate risk judgments. Specifically, decision maker's agreement on cue weights and judgment consensus may be higher with cue information state in words rather than numbers, since appropriately chosen words can more directly convey the risk implications of information cues. (continued)1450?p9Ramarapu, N.K. Frolick, M.N. Wilkes, R.B. Wetherbe, J.C.1997The emergence of hypertest and problem solving: An experimental investigation of accessing and using information from linear versus nonlinear systems825-849Decision Sciences281ohuman computer interaction, hypertext, new information technologies' influence on problem solving, problem task]Past research suggests that problem sovlign and/or decision behavior can be altered and improved by the changes in the way information is accessed and displayed. Also, researchers have found that the usefulness of different information display formats are contingent on the characteristics of the problem task. This research investigated the impact on problem solving when accessing and using information from linear and non-linear systems. Also, the research investigated problem-solving performance of linear and nonlinear systems when applied to different combinations of problem tasks. (continued)7458??qSwink, M. Speier, C.1999kPresenting geographical information: Effects of data aggregation, dispersion and users' spatial orientation169-195Decision Sciences301Ldecision support systems, geographic information systems, problem complexity$Geographic information systems (GIS) have taken on an increasingly important role supporting decision making in many organizations. GIS have been used to support a breadth of tasks including oil and mineral exploration, faciltity location, logistics support, and facitlities management decisions. The effectiveness of GIS as a decision support tool comes primarily from the visual display of data in the form of maps. When presenting information as a geographic map, the level of data aggreation potentially affects aspects of task complexity such as information load and the potential for pattern recognition by the user. Other task attributes expected to be related to data aggregation effects include problem size, the degree of data dispersion, and users' spatial orientation skills. (continued)1643?r&Speier, C. Valacich, J.S. Vessey, I.1999dThe influence of task interruption on individual decision making: An information overload pespective337-360Decision Sciences3024decision making, information overload, interruptionsInterruptions are a common aspect of the work environment of most organizations. Yet little is known about how interruptions and their characteristics, such as frequency of occurrence, influence decision-making performance of individuals. Consequently, this paper reports the results of two experiments investigating the influence of interruptions on individual decision making. Interruptions were found to improve decision amking performance on simple tasks and to lower performance on complex tasks. For complex tasks, the frequency of interruptions and the dissimilarity of content between the primary and interruption tasks was found to exacerbate this effect. The implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed.7452W?s1Leidner, D.E. Carlsson, S. Elam, J. Corrales, M.1999}Mexican and Swedish managers' perceptions of the impact of EIS on organizational intelligence, decision making, and structure633-658Decision Sciences303Zempirical analysis, executive decision making, executive support systems, international ISAlthough information technologies in business organizations around the world may be very similar, the meanings conveyed through the technologies may be dependent on managerial values and national culture. Cultural differences need to be understood before information technology developed for organizations in one country can be effectively implemented in organizations in another country. Drawing on survey responses from managers using Executive Information Systems (EIS) across many organizations in Mexico, Sweden, and the United States, the current study examined whether cultural differences influence perceptions of the relationship between Executive Information Systems' use and various outcomes related to decision-making behaviours and processes. The sudy found significant differences, predicted by cultural factors, in the impact of EIS use on senior management decision making. The findings confirm the notion that IT is used by executives to reinforce the decision making behaviours valued in their culture.3453?tReneau, J.H. Blanthorne, C.2001nEffects of information sequence and irrelevant distractor information when using a computer-based decision aid145-163Decision Sciences321Aauditor judgment, experimental design, human/computer interactionComputer based decision aids are intended to support and improve human judgments. Frequently, the largest portion of the design effort is devoted to the technical aspects of the system; behavioural aspects are often overlooked. As a result, the decision aid may be ineffective. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of two information structure variabls that theorectically affect judgments: information sequence and irrelevant distractor information. Auditor subjects made continuing existence judgments for client-banks after interacting with one of four alternative decision aids. The decision aids are modifications of a system developed by an international CPA firm. (continued)1640?u$Parikh, M. Fazlollahi, B. Verma, S.2001?The effectiveness of decision guidance: An empirical evaluation303-331Decision Sciences322ldecision support systems, decisional guidance, DSS effectiveness, experimental design, laboratory experimentqDecisional guidance is defined as how a decision support system (DSS) influence its users as they structure and execute the decision making process. It is assumed that decisional guidance has profound effects on decision making, but these effects are understudied and empirically unproven. This paper describes an empirical, laboratory-experiment baseed evaluation of the effectiveness of deliberate decisional guidance and its four types. We developed and used a comprehensive model consisting of four evaluation criteria: decision quality, user satisfaction, user learning, and decision-making efficiency. ( continued )1642a?vYi, M.Y. Davis, F.D.2001rImproving computer-training effectiveness for decision technologies: Behaviour modeling and rentention enhancement521-544Decision Sciences322bbehavior modleing, computer training, end-user computing, IS implemention, multivariate statistics)Managers and analysts increasingly need to master the hands-on use of computer-based decision technologies including spreadsheet models. Effective training can prevnet the lack of skill from impeding potential effectiveness gains from decision technologies. Among the wide variety of software training approaches in use today, recent research indicates that techniques based on behaviour modeling, which consists of computer skill demonstration and hands-on practice, are among the most effective for acheiving positive training outcomes. (continued)7454?w Hayes, N.2001dBoundless and bounded interactions in the knowledge work process: The role of groupware technologies79-101Information & Organization112{computer supported co-operative work (CSCW), groupware, time/space, knowledge work, communities of practice, late modernityThis article discusses how the disembedding of social relations and their rearticulation across different tracts of time and space are implicated in knowledge working. We explore this theme within the context of the UK selling division of a multi-national pharmaceutical company. We shall examine how the use of a groupware technology was used to work across the functional, geographic and temporal boundaries that separated many employees, and most notably the sales force from those who were located at the head office. Specifically, we shall consider the opportunities and limitations that surrounded the use of groupware to work within and between these boundaries. We shall also discuss the innovative strategies that some employees devised to work around these difficulties. Knowledge production is conceptualised from a communities of practice perspective, and further sensitised with reference to Giddens’ thesis on the nature of contemporary society.2455?xHayes, N. Walsham, G.2001lParticipation in groupware-mediated communities of practice: A socio-political analysis of knowledge working263-288Information & Organization114groupware, knowledge management, communities of practice, participation, politics, norms, case study, safe and political enclavesThis paper adopts a communities of practice approach to examine how the introduction of a groupware application in a UK pharmaceuticals company enabled and constrained knowledge working. We will refine the analysis by distinguishing between participation that is undertaken in what is referred to as political enclaves, and participation that takes place in safe enclaves. We will discuss how the deliberate intervention of some employees moderated some of politicising, and facilitated increased participation. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which existing theoretical conceptualisations of information systems and knowledge work may be expanded to consider socio-political issues in more depth.2459?y Preston, A.M.19916The "problem" in and of management information systems43-693Accounting, Management and Information Technologies11$problem, genealogy, ethnography, MISnagement Information Systems uncritically draws upon a number of disciplines for its theoretical framework. In doing so it has imported a host of ontological, epistemological and behav- ioral assumptions which have shaped the theories, technologies and practices of information system anal- ysis, design and implementation. This has taken place without careful reflection upon the htstorical emergence of these assumpttons or upon the context within which attempts are made to operational- ize them. This paper argues that the Management Information Systems field is in need of researching itself. It proposes that through a combination of genealogical and ethnographic research methodolo- gies, the historical emergence of theoretical constructs and the organizational context within which in- formation systems operate should be critically examined. In the following analysis, the historical emergence of the “problem” as a generic construct in the Management Information System literature is examined and contrasted to the manner in which a group of manufacturing managers defined prob- lems within their organizational context. A critical tension is revealed which suggests that information systems researchers, analysts and designers need to at least broaden their assumption about the nature of organizational reality, human behavior, information processing and problem solving.1451?zLyytinen, K.J. Ngwenyama, O.K.1992rWhat does computer support for cooperative work mean? A structural analysis of computer supported cooperative work19-373Accounting, Management and Information Technologies21icomputer supported co-operative work, computer impact, structuration theory, application features, designXchnical developments in electronic communication and computing coupled with new un- derstanding of relationships between computers and work processes has given impetus to a significant amount of research in the area of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). Much of this work, however, lacks strong theoretical foundations, and there is no clear definition of CSCW, the major re- search questions of the field, or appropriate strategies for research. In this paper we suggest Giddens’ theory of structuration as a conceptual foundation for CSCW research and propose a formal definition for CSCW. We conclude by discussing seven implications of the framework for future research into: (a) platform software features, (b) research methods, (c) systems development approaches, (d) features of CSCW development methodologies, (e) interactions between CSCW use processes and organizational structures, (f) interactions between work processes and CSCW applications, and (g) larger social change due to adoption of CSCW applications.2461<?|4Denton, J.W. Sayeed, L. Perkins, N.D. Moorman, A.H.19956Neural networks to classify employees for tax purposes123-1383Accounting, Management and Information Technologies52\neural networks, employee/independent contractor status, classification, logistic regressionneural network models are compared with logistic regression models to assess their ability to predict federal court judgments in cases classifying workers as employees or independent contractors for tax purposes. Such claissification is highly dependent upon the subjective evlaution of certain determining factors. The neural network apporach was found to provide a viable alternative for making this prediction. A second experiment compared the predictions of neurla network and logistic regression models with those of human novices and experts. It was found that the neural network and logicistic regression models were comapred with artificial neural network models as well as with human evaluators. The findings were similar to those of the first two experiments.5702?}George, J.F. Tyran, C.K.1993:Expert systems and organizations: Predictions and evidence173-1893Accounting, Management and Information Technologies33Expert systems have recently become more commonplace in the United States workplace. Although little is known about the impacts of expert systems in the workplace, many predictions about the nature of these impacts, and the effects of expert systems generally, have been made. We examine some of these predictions, noting that they are very similar to predictions made about the effects of conventional data processing in organizations. We examine how most of the predictions made about the effects of conventional data processing have been shown to be unfounded, based on empirical research. We also show, using the limited empirical evidence available relating to expert system and their orgnanizational effects, that most of the predictions made about them are also unfounded.5468?~Ngwenyama, O.K.1998tGroupware, social action and organizational emergence: On the process dynamics of computer mediated distributed work127-1463Accounting, Management and Information Technologies82-3tcomputer supported cooperative work, work computerization, groupware, social aciton, organizational emergence theoryQThe last decade has seen the development of new information technology for work computerization commonly called groupware. Groupware applications support organizational computing and communications, and enable the distribution of work without regard to time and geographic barriers. As more of these applications are implemented in work settings they are precipitating profound changes in organizational processes. Although some studies have illuminated aspects of the technology–organization interaction process, more work is still needed to understand and articulate the dynamics of it. This research takes an emergence theory approach to analyzing and articulating some of the technology–organization interaction dynamics. The paper reports on a longitudinal field study of implementation and use of a groupware application in a distributed work environment. It discusses the continuing emergence of the groupware application and the organizational process it supports. The research builds upon a stream of social action and process theory research that have examined the interaction of information technology and organizational processes. This work makes several important contributions to IS research. It extends the reach of technology–organization interaction studies. It develops a descriptive model of some of the interaction dynamics of IT applications and organizational processes, upon which future empirical studies can be based. It provides an exemplar of intensive research into organizational processes and proposes that groupware applications are themselves data for the study of organizations.2703?7Merelo, J.J. Preito, A. Rivas, V. Valderrabano, J.L.19988A neural net-based model of decision making in marketing237-2533Accounting, Management and Information Technologies84Bneural net, agent, advertising, marketing, individual-based modelsThe creation of models able to explain the relationship among sales and the different stimuli that reach the consumer, including publicity, is a very important topic in market research. Interrelations are loosely defined from a quantitative point of view, and studies are usually made at a macroeconomic or aggregate level. This paper presents a microscopic or individualbased model that represents explicitly every consumer, introduces ads as positive or negative reinforcers of consumer behaviour, and sales as results of individual decisions. Several experiments have been run on populations of these individuals or agents, and results checked against what is obvious or well known in reality. These experiments prove that the qualitative behaviour of the model closely resembles reality. Next step is to try to obtain quantitative results out of the model, and put it into an easy-to-use program.5469?Stabler, S.G. Ewaldt, J.W.1998PSimulation modeling and analysis of complext learning processes in organizations255-2633Accounting, Management and Information Technologies84technological change, human resources development, organizational learning processes, system dynamics, single loop learning, double loop learning@Growing complexity and dynamic in the environment of organizations force their personnel to increase their learning rates continuously. This objective can be achieved by various learning concepts. Through system dynamics it is possible to simulate, analyze and compare different organisational learning strategies. This paper shows the effects of the strategies on the total objective attainment grade of organizational learning over a long term run. The simulation, analysis and comparison is represented by single-loop-learning and double-loop-learning as strategy examples.1704h?Raghunathan, S.2001WInformation sharing in a supply chain: A note on its value when demand is nonstationary605Management Science474In a recent paper, Lee, So, and Tang (200) showed tha in a two-level supply chain with non-stationary AR(1) end demand, the manufacturer benefits significanlty when the retailer shares point-of-sale demand data. We show in this paper, analytically and through simulation, that the manufacturer's benefits is insignificant when the parameters of the AR(1) process are known to both parties, as in Lee, So, and Tang (LST). The key reason for the difference between our results and those of LST is that LST assume that the manufacturer also uses an AR(1) process to forecast the retailer order qauntity. However, the manufacturer can reduce the variance of its forecast further by using the entire order history to which it has access. Thus, when intelligent use of already available internal information (order history) suffices, there is no need to invest in interorganizational systems for information sharing.1$Could be a poor quality reproduction656?Jain, N. Paul, A.2001<A generalized model of operations reversal for fashion goods595Management Science474Operations reversal is a porcess design principle that involves switching two consecutive stages of the manufacturing process to improve process performance. In this paper we investigate conditions under which operations reversal can be used to reduce the variability - as measured by the variance and standard deviation - of production volumes at the intermediate stage of the manufacturing process. We generalize the operations reversal model of Lee and Tang (1998) to explicityly incorporate two important characteristics of fashion goods markets: heterogeneity amon customers and unpredictability of customer preferences. We also present a new approach to modeling the operations reversal problem.1<Poor quality reproduction - mathematical expressions missing658Q?)Butler, J. Morrice, D.J. Mullarkey, P.W.2001EA multiple attribute utility theory approach to ranking and selection800Management Science476~Managers of large industrial projects often measure performance by multiple attibutes. For example, our paper is motivated by the simulation of a large industrial project called a land seismic survey, in which project performance is based on duration, cost, and resource utilization. To address these types of problems, we develop a ranking and selection procedure for making comparisons of systems (eg. project configurations) that have multiple performance measures. The procedure combines multiple attibute utility theory with statistical ranking and selection to select the best configuration from a set of possible configurations using the indifference-zone approach. We apply our procedure to results generated by the simulator for a land seismic survey that has six performance measures, and describe a particular type of sensitivity analysis that can be used as a robustness check.1Poor qaulity reproduction669B?Sarkar, S. Sriram, R.20012Bayesian models for early warning of bank failures1457Management Science4711The focus of this research is to demonstrate how probabilistic models may be used to provide early warnings for bank failures. While prior research in the auditing literature has recognized the applicability of a Bayesian belief revision framework for many audit tasks, empirical evidence has suggested that auditors' cognitive decision processes often violate probability axioms. (continued)1"Might be poor quality reproduction668?Shi, L. Olafsson, S. Chen, Q.2001,An optimization framework for product design1681Management Science4712/An important problem in the product design and development process is to use the part-worth preferences of potential customers to design a new product such that market share is maximized. The authors present a new optimization framework for this problem, the nested partitions (NP) method. (continued)1659Z?Migliarese, P. Paolucci, E.1995JImproved communications and collaborations among task induced by Groupware237-250Decision Support Systems143ccoordination processes, group decision support systems, Groupware, innovative organizational models;The recent developmetns of Information Technologies are characterized by some new classes of applications that are classified as Groupware. These developments are connected to the need of attaining better communications and new forms of collaborations among tasks or functional departments in modern organizational structures. The new strategic scenarios are fostering organizational structures in attaining increasing varieties of products, capacites of faster responses to market changes, flexibility in modifying strategies, organizational technologies. (continued)2429_?Hartman, L.B. van Hee, K.M.1995;Application of Markov decision processes to search problems283-298Decision Support Systems143JMarkov decision processes, guided random search, state space approximationhMany decision problems contain, in some form, a NP-hard combinatorial problem. Therefore decision support systems have to solve such combinatorial problems in a reasonable time. Many combinatorial problems can be solved by a searcvh method. The search methods used in decision support systems have to be robust in the sense that they can handle a large variety of (user defined) constraints and that they allow user interaction, i.e. they allow a decision maker to control the search process manually. In this paper we show how Markov decision processes can be used to guide a random search process. (continued)7428?/Csaki, P. Rapcsak, T. Turchanyi, P. Vermes, M.1995mR and D for group decision aid in Hungary by WINGDSS, a Microsoft Windows based Group Decision Support System205-217Decision Support Systems143Dmulti-attribute utility decomposition, group decision support systemA flexible and complex Group Decision Support System for PC-s in Microsoft Windows environment is presented. Several real-life applications have been carried out with WINGDSS. The Multi-Attribute Decision Aid type system reflects the logical structure of the problem as well as the preferences and the expertise of decision makers. We assume a heterogeneous group in a soft negotiation situation. (continued)2431?)Crossland, M.D. Wynne, B.E. Perkins, W.C.1995RSpatial decision support systems: An overview of technology and a test of efficacy219-235Decision Support Systems1436SDSS, GIS, geographic information systems, spatial DSSA laboratory experiment was used to investigate the effects on decision-maker performance of using geographic information system (GIS) technology as a spatial decision support system (SDSS). GIS are increasingly being used for decision making, yet research about their contributions to the performance of decision makers has been lacking. This study makes a contribution to that apparent void. (continued)1430? Brusilovskiy, P.M. Tilman, L.M.1996DIncorporating expert judgement into multivariate polynomial modeling199-214Decision Support Systems18 adequate method, best model, binary relation, complex system, connection, empirical information, expert judgement, expert indistinguishability, GMDH, incongruity, measure consistency, multivariate polynomial modeling, power of influence, regression, types of knowledgeThe study focuses on the conceptual approach to the systematic decision support in polynomial modeling of complex systems and deals with an unusual overlapping of mathematical modeling and decision theory. (continued)1433?$Conlon, J.R. Conlon, S.J. Hwang, C.1996JNestedness, separability, information systems, and the role of the manager167-179Decision Support Systems18problem structure, nestedness, separability, division of labor, decentralization, what-if analysis, demand for managerial skillThis paper models the information processing problems of a firm by using the computation and optimization of mathematical functions as an analogy to the firms' information processing and decision making activities. This representation allows us to model the division of labor through the concept of functional nestedness, while the decentralization of information and decision making can be modeled through functional separability. The approach is illustrated through a series of simple applications, which examine, for example how decision problem structures affect the demand for information technology, and how developments in information technology influence the demand for managerial skill.1435?0George, J.F. Nunamaker Jr, J.F. Valacich, J.S.19920Information technology for organizational change307-315Decision Support Systems8FOrganizational decision support system, downsizing, teams, outsourcingThe interrelationships between organization structure and information systems have attracted the attention of researchers since the 1950s. We propose three differenct architectures for organizational decision support systems (ODSS), each of which is tailored to an emerging change in organization structures: Downsizing ; a focus on teams; and outsourcing. We argue that no single ODSS architecture can adequately meet the challenges of each structural change. (continued)7441?*Rainer Jr, R.K. Snyder, C.A. Watson, H.J.19926The evolution of executive information system software333-341Decision Support Systems8Fexecutive information systems, (EIS), executive support systems, (ESS)Executive information systems (EIS) may be developed from three categories of software: Custom-built software; full-featured vendor software specifically designed for EIS; or a combination of custom-built and general purpose vendor software. Based on data gathered from a survey of 50 companies with operational EIS, this study compares and contrast the three types of EIS software. (continued)3439?Ruparel, B. Srinivasan, V.1992=A dedicated shell for designing expert credit support systems343-359Decision Support Systems8zexpert systems, expert databases, knowledge-based systems, decision support systems, relational databases, credit grantingThere is evidence of widespread interest on the part of industrial corporations to develop knowledge based systems for corporate financial applications. This paper describes a successful dedicated shell developed for designing expert support systems for the corporate credit granting process. The shell represents a elegant implementation of knowledge representation in relational databases.5438? Vetschera, R.1991JIntegrating databases and preference evaluations in group decision support67-77Decision Support Systems71group decision support systems, feedback, utilityThe paper introduces a new concept for group decision support that explicitly incorporates feedbacks from the gropu level to the individual decision processes. We first show that the representation of such feedback processes requires additional concepts beyond individual database views for group members. We then develop two basic techniques for incorporating group opinions into the individual decision process: explicity and implicit feedback. (continued)2443?Magill, W.G.W. Leech, S.A.19910Uncertainty techniques in expert system software55-65Decision Support Systems7^expert systems, expert system tools, uncertainty techniques, Bayes' theorem, certainty factorsIn this paper, appraoches for dealing with uncertainty as implemented in two specific expert system tools are analysed with the aim of comparing the theories that underly the two approaches. The comparison undertaken shows that not only are their many conceptual problems that require consideration and understanding before selecting an expert system tool, but also the uncertainty techniques as implemented in two specific tools do not follow strictly the theories on which they are based.5444? Korhonen, P.1991YUsing harmonious houses for visual pairwise comparision of mutliple criteria alternatives47-54Decision Support Systems7Wcomputer graphics, multiple criteria, multivariate analysis, visualization, interactiveIn this paper, we consider the problem of evaluating decision alternatives, which are described by means of several criteria. Our aim is to develop an approach which enables a decision maker to present value information on the basis of visual representation. (continued)1445? Hatcher, M.1995QA tool kit for multimedia supported group/organizational decision systems (MSGDS)211-217Decision Support Systems15Hmultimedia, GDSS, simulation, visual simulation, network, network accessWhen one attempts to define a tool kit for a multimedia decision system, the intial step is to define what is included. Therefore, the author has started the process by defining what is in a Decision Support System (DSS) Tool Kit and what is in a Group Decision Support System (GDSS) Tool Kit. A Multimedia Supported Group/Organizational Decision Systems (MSGDS) Tool Kit contains features that are unique to applications for the multimedia platfrom and conceptualization of decision problems.1446? Wagner, C.1995Facilitating space-time differences, group heterogeneity and mulit-sensory task work through a multimdeia supported group decision systems197-210Decision Support Systems15Emultimedia, Group decision support, teleconferencing, problem solvingrGroup work outside of the decision laboratory exhibits several interesting characteristics. Communication is frequently off-line, particularly if individuals are geographically separated. Group members have different backgrounds, (eg. in focus groups, mixed cusotmer and company groups) and d not nec essarily share the same information or values. Tasks can have significant visual and auditory components, as for instance in product development. While these characteristics are by no means exclusive, they represent important factors which now can be addressed by multimedia supported group decision systems. (continued)2447?Barna, A. Whinston, A.B.1998<Decision support for managing organizational design dynamics45-58Decision Support Systems221473?Gass, S.I. Rapscak, T.1998&A note on synthesizing group decisions59-63Decision Support Systems222472?1Moshkovich, H.M. Schellenbeger, R.E. Olson, D.L.1998Data influences the result more than preferences: Some lessons from implementation of multiattribute techniques in a real decision task.73-84Decision Support Systems221474?Adam, F. Fahy, M. Murphy, C.1998DA framework for the classification of DSS usage across organizations1-13Decision Support Systems2211476H?Dey, D. Seidmann, A.1994<Benchmarking decision models for database management systems275-293Information Systems Research53Mmulticriteria decision making (MCDM), goal programming, database benchmarkingQBenchmarking is the quantitative method most commony used when managers contemplate procuring a large business information system. It consists of running a gorup of representative applications on the systems offered by vendors to validate their claims. The implementation of benchmarking can be very costly, as users need to convert, run, and test applications on several partially compatible computer systems. Benchmarking works well in modern database management systems (DBMs)-oriented applications because the system performance is more a function of the database structure and activities than of the complexity of the application code. Earlier research focused primarily on designing various benchmarks for database systems; the decision problem associated with finding an optimal mix of benchmarks has largely been overlooked. (continued)1697Y?Basu, A. Blanning, R.W.1994"Model integration using metagraphs195-218Information Systems Research53Bgraph theory, model management, modeling, decision support systemsThe availablity of a large and diverse collection of stored modules such as data relations and decision models is a desirable feature in a decision support system (DSS). However, it is usually infeasible to desing a DSS in which every problem instance can be solved using a single module. Instead, it may be necessary to combine several stored modules into an intergrated model that is sufficient to solve the given problem. We show that modules such as data files and decision models in a DSS can be usefully represented by a metagraph, a graph-theoretic construct that captures relationships between pairs of sets of elements. (continued)1761? Sen, A. Vinnze, A. Liou, S.F.T.19940Role of control in the model formulation process219-248Information Systems Research53:model management , formulations control, model formulation7Control is being increasingly recognized as having a critical role in the automation of the model formulation process. This paper describes an approach to understanding this role of control by observing experts' behaviour and studying their verbalizations during the process of formulating models. (continued)1760i? Zack, M.H.1993HInteractivity and communication mode choice in ongoing management groups207-239Information Systems Research43]computer mediated communication, media choice, work group effectiveness, social communicationaManagement is communication intensive and, therefore, managers may derive benefits from computer-based alternatives to the traditional communication modes of face-to-face (FTF), telephone, and written memo. This research examined the use of electronic messaging (EM) by ongoing management gropus performing a cooperative task. By means of an in-depth multimethod case study of the editorial group of two daily newspapers, it examined the fit between the interactivity of the chosen communciation mode (FTF vs.EM) and the mode of discourse it was used for (alernation vs. interaction/discusion). (continued)2746?De, P. Jacob, V.S. Pakath, R.1993JA formal approach for designing distributed expert problem solving systems141-165Information Systems Research42expert system, distributed problem solving, economic decision theory, information gathering, communication, decision making strategies, computational complexityIn this paper, we consider the problem of generating effective information-gathering, communciation, and decison making (ICD) strategies for a distributed expert problem solving (DEPS) system. We foucs on the special case of a dual-processor DEPS system and present a dection-theoretic model that enables the characterization of feasible, efficient, and optimal ICD strategies. In a view of the tremendous amount of computing needed to genrate optimal strategies for problems of practical size, we develop useful heuristic procedures for constructing high-quality efficient ICD strategies. We illustrate the use fo the model and the solution procedure through an example.5650"?Schocken, S. Jones, C.19935Reframing decision problems: A graph grammar approach55-87Information Systems Research41descriptive decision theory, decision trees, decision making under uncertainty, graph grammars, model management, model management systemsOne fundamental requirement in the expected utility model is that the preferences of rational persons should be independent of problem description. Yet an extensive body of research in descriptive decision theory indicates precisely the opposite: when the same problem is cast in two different but normatively equivalent 'frames', people tend to change their preferences in a systematic and predictable way. In particular, alternative frames of the same decision-tree are likely to invoke different sets of heuristics, biases and risk-attitudes in the user's mind. The paper presents a modeling environment in which decision-trees are cast as attributed-graphs, and reframing operations on trees are implemented as graph grammar productions. (continued)1651h?Deng, P-S. Chaudhury, A.19926A conceptual model of adaptive knowledge-based systems127-149Information Systems Research32aadaptive expert systems, admissible plans, operational schema of expert systems, opportunity cost_The ability to learn or adapt is widely recognized as one of the most prominent abilities of any animate or inanimate intelligent system. While considerable progress has been made in the science and technology of machine learning, little of that has been incorporated in traditional knowledge-based systems such as diagnostic or expert systems operating in a managerial environment. In this paper a conceptual model of an adaptive expert system is proposed as an attempt to lay a foundation for building knowledge-based systems that can learn by interacting with the environment. In contrast to existing models for learning (such as for knowledge acquisition and skill refinement) where the issue of noise and uncertainty is usually neglected, our model incorporates a stochastic environment and a learning response behaviour which too is stochastic in nature.5649M?Sambamurthy, V. Poole, M.S.1992fThe effects of variation in capabilities of GDSs designs on management of cognitive conflict in groups224-251Information Systems Research33Econflict management, group decision support systems, process research-Group decision support systems have been advocated as mechanisms for facilitating conflict management in groups. Two noted shortcomings of research on GDSS effects motivate this study: (i) Most researchers have compared the effects of computer-based and manual delivery of structures for supporting group decision making. By treating the GDSS as a 'black box,' researchers have neglected attention toward examining the effects of specific capabilites delivered by a GDSS. (ii) Despite the volume of accumulated research, scant attention has been paid to examining GDSS impacts on the group interaction process itself. This research proposes a conceptual view of a GDSS as providing communication and consensus capabilities for supporting the cognitive management process in group decision making. (continued)2699?Mackay, J.M. Elam, J.J.1992pA comparative study of how experts and novices use a decision aid to solve problems in complex knowledge domains150-172Information Systems Research32Pdecision aids, DSS, problem solving, decision making, human computer interactionThis paper reports the results of a study that examined the way that professionals used a particular decision aid, spreadsheet software, to address a business-oriented task. The professionals were divided into four groups, depending on whether they were experts or novices in the functional area of business represented by the task and on whether they were experts or novices int he use of spreadsheet software. (continued)1696?4Raghu, T.S. Ramesh, R. Chang, A-M. Whinston, A.B.2001OCollaborative decision making: A connectionist paradigm for dialectical support363-383Information Systems Research134Ycollaborative decision making, connectionist modeling, dialectical support, argumentationThe facilitation and analytical support of argumentation-based collaborative decision making is the foucs of this research. We model collaborative decision making as an argumentation process. We develop a connectionist modeling framework, a network representation formalism for argument structures, connectionist network mechanisms, and their models of computations to extract the behavior of argument structures. (continued)2654]?RDennis, A.R. Valacich, J.S. Carte, T.A. Garfield, M.J. Hayley, B.J. Aronson, J.E.1997TResearch report: The effectiveness of multiple dialogues in electronic brainstorming203-211Information Systems Research82Sbrainstorming, idea generation, group support systems, groupware, cognitive inertia Members of brainstorming groups often pursue the same set of ideas rather than considering a wide and diverse range of ideas, which may reduce the number of ideas they produce. One way to reduce this cognitive inertia may be to encourage gropus to engage in several simultaneous discussions or dialogues. This experiment, which studied groups brainstoring electronically, found that groups generated more ideas, more high-quality ideas, and more novel ideas when using multiple dialogues than when using single dialogues.2698? Silver, M.S.19909Decision Support Systems: Directed and nondirected change47-70Information Systems Research11Rdecision support systems, change agency, system restrictiveness, decision guidance$The Decision Support Systems (DSS) literature is in general agreement that use of DSS leads to individual and organizational change, but there is no consensus as to whether DSS and their designers serve as agents for directed or nondirected change. Researchers have proceeded from two different sets of premises, drawing different conclusions about the nature of DSS. This paper considers both views, examing how differences in designers' attitudes toward change agency ought to be manifest in the features of the DSs they implement. (continued)1695(?@George, J.F. Easton, G.K. Nunamaker Jr, J.F. Northcraft, G.B.1990KA study of collaborative group work with and without computer-based support394-415Information Systems Research14cgroup decision support systems, electronic meeting systems, decision support, anonymity, leadershipAs organizational environments become more turbulent and as managers pend more time in meetings in an effort to deal with that turbulence, suing information technology to support meetings has become more important. This paper reports on an experiment that compared meetings supported by information technology to meetings with conventional manual support only. The experiment differs from most previous group decision support system (GDSS) experiments in that solutions to the task it used could be objectivley scored, it introduced assigned leadership as an independent variable, and it is the first GDSS experiment to compare use of a subset of the University of Arizona Group Systems GDSs tools to manual group methods. (continued)2641? Ariav, G.1992lInformation systems for mangerial planning and control: A conceptual examination of their temporal structure77-98)Journal of Management Information Systems92|design requirements for information systems, model management, temporally oriented information systems, planning and controlThe managerial functions of planning and control are information-intensive 'memory processes' and are inherently temporal. As such, they are a major application domain for temporally oriented information systems (TOIS), which are distinguished by their explicit handling of time and memory. Although TOIS have been studied vigorously in recne tyears, there has been no attempt to relate them to the temporal concerns pertinent to these managerial processes. This paper systematically examines the strucutre of, and access to memory in planning and control activities, in an attempt to identify major related design requirements. (continued)3715?Mao, J-Y. Benbasat, I.2000iThe use of explanations in knowledge-based systems: Cognitive perspectives and a process-tracing analysis153-179)Journal of Management Information Systems172^explanations, explanation in expert systems, knowledge based systems, verbal protocol analysisThis exploratory research investigates the nature of explanation use and factors that influence it during users' interaction with a knowledge-based system (KBS) for decision-making. It draws upon several cognitive perspectives to help understand when, whey and how explanations are used. A verbal protocol analysis was conducted based on a laboratory experiment involving a KBS for financial analysis. Major categories of explanation use were identifed, and accounted for with relevant cognitive perspectives. Results show that explanations were requested to deal with comprehnesion difficulties caused by various tyueps of perceived anomalies in KBS output. (continued)6714? Panko, R.R.1999/Applying code inspection to spreadsheet testing159-176)Journal of Management Information Systems162Icode inspection, error detection, spreadsheet errors, spreadsheet testingIn programming, reliability requires an extensive testing phase. Spreadsheet development, which has about the error rate as program development, also needs to be follwed by an extensive testing phase if spreadsheets are to be reliable. In this study, sixty undergraduate MIS students code-inspected a spreadsheet seeded with eight errors. They first inspected the spreadsheet working alone. They then met in twenty groups of three to reinspect the spreadsheet together. Effort was made to prevent hasty inspection. (continued)`1713?Vandenbosch, B. Higgins, C.A.1995BExecutive support systems and learning: A model and empirical test99-130)Journal of Management Information Systems1222executive support systems, organizational learningA model of the relationships among executive support systems (ESS), learning, and performance is devleoped. This model describes the impact of ESS on perceptions of comptetitive performance when viewed from a learning perspective. The model proposes two types of learning: mental-model maintenance, in which new information fits into existing mental models and confirms them: and mental model building, in whihc mental models are changed to accommodate new information. (continued)3712m?;Sniezek, J.A. Wilkins, D.C. Wadlington, P.L. Baumann, M.R.2002VTraining for crisis decision-making: Psychological issues and computer-based solutions147-168)Journal of Management Information Systems184artificial intelligence, computer-based training, crisis management, human computer interaction, human resource management, ship damage controlCrises deamnd swift and effective decision-making; yet there are many problems in training personnel on the skills necessary to achive the goals of ciris management. This paper has three objectives concerning training for crisis management. First we integrate divers literatures and present a framework for an understanding of the unique challenges in crisis management training, and the role of training systems with capabilites fro simulation, immersion and critiquing. (continued)34813? Holohan, J.1992FUse of executive information systems in measuring business performance177-186!Journal of Information Technology7Much effort andresearch has concentrated on the need to formulate and implement business strategy, and the need to monitor performance against strategic palns. This paper, based on research carried out from July to September 1990, identifies the methodologies which organizations appleid to define performance indicators presented on their Executive Information Systems and if these indicators helped steer the organizations towards their strategic objectives. Organizations applied either a critical success factor, an alternative top-down, or an evolutionary/prototype methodology to build their EISs. Unfortunately, not one organization which took part in the the research modelled its EIS on its overall busienss strategy, thus limiting the use of their EIS to that of a glorified fire extinguisher rather than using it to help bridge the gap between formulating and implementing a business strategy.3617m?Allingham, P. O'Connor, M.1992*MIS success: why does it vary among users?160-168!Journal of Information Technology7Organizations have been developing and implementing computer-based management information systems (MIS) at an increasing rate for the last 35 years. However, evidence indicates that many computer-based MIS are not as successful as they should be and many may be considered failures. There has been much research to investigate organizational factors, individual differences, user involvement and their relationship to MIS success, and in particular, one indicator of MIS success, user information satisfaction (UIS). Little attention, however, has been paid to whether UIS for any particular MIS varies for users from differnt organization functions and differnet management levels within an organization. (continued)7619z?Agarwarl, R. Ghosh, D.1992OIssues in the design and administration of distributed model management systems87-94!Journal of Information Technology7Distributed model management systems (DMMS) represent the next frontier in the organizational usage of DSS technology. Due to the growing populartiy of distributed computing systems and increased level of modelling activity in most organizations, significant benefits can be realised through the implementation of a DMMS. In several ways, the function of a DMMS can be viewed as isomorphic to those of a distributed database system. (continued)7616? Barat, J.19925Scenario playing for critical success factor analysis12-19!Journal of Information Technology7FThis paper presents a structured method, based on pratical experience, to drive critical success factors using a business game called 'scenario playing.' It aims to show why this method is superior to other well-know focusing techniques or group evaluation methods. The scenariou playing business game consists of submitting to managers a sequence of reports, one after the other. Each report (called a scenario) contains randomly generated outcome values for some parameters of the buiness (called candidate critical success factors) which the manger deemed to be most important for the business at hand. After reveiwing each report, ie. scenario, the manger has to give a value judgement about it, like 'good', 'bad' or 'indifferent', reflecting his perception of how the business would be doing if the report was real. (continued)3618Z?Hsieh, C-T. Menefee, M.L.1991LAn application of group decision support technology in collective bargaining176-183!Journal of Information Technology6An enhanced distributed bargaining model is developed to be used as the foundation model of a group-decision support system for facilitating collective bargaining. The proposed system takes into account the multiple objectives decision process and is able to handle qualitative decision variables. The implementation of the proposed system can expedite bargaining and minimize the possibilty of a work stoppage.2615?)Braunstein, D.N. Lauer, T.W. Doane, D.P.1991AInformation requirements prototyping for decision support systems26-33!Journal of Information Technology6Information requirements determination for Decision Support Systems (DSS) is often inadequately handled due to premature structuring thus precluding dynamic changes in the framing of the problem by managers. A review of relevant concepts in the behavioural decision making literature is provided. Case studies from three large business organizations illustrate system problems with information requirements. The authors suggest prototyping as a more valid approach to determinging information requirements.16145?Kaynak, E. Venkatraman, K.1992)Expert systems in international marketing245-259!Journal of Information Technology7This article examines the use of expert systems in international marketing. In view of the increasing importance of internationalization of business around the world, a new generation of computer information systems known as Expert Systems offer a unique potential in international makret entry and constantly changing global market conditions. The specific purposes of this paper are to develop a set of evaluative criteria for the use of expert systems, examine the nature of decision in major international marketing decision areas, and evaluate each decision area against the set of criteria to determine if expert systems are suitable for that decision area.5621=?Birts, A. McAulay, L.1993%Financial analysis and expert systems184-194!Journal of Information Technology8Financial analysis expert systems have been developed but there is little evidence to suggest that such expert systems are as widely used in the financial anlayst communicty as other information technology products. The research findings presented here suggest that one explanation for this non-use of expert systems may be that users do not have a need to use the existing technology. We arrived at this conlcusion by researching the rich picture of the atask and the needs of a small number of financial analysts. In so doing, we were able to to devleop insights into the topic area which to our knowledge are new. Our analysis may confirm a need to re-orientate expert systems development. Thus, the selection and use of research methods which are geared to shedding light on users' needs may be valuable to practitioners, in developing product development strategies, and to researchers, in casting new light on their topic areas.5622? Sangster, A.1994IThe adoption of IT in managemnt accounting: The expert systems experience159-169!Journal of Information Technology9This article considers why, despite forecasts to the contrary and in spite of being apparently well suited to the technology, management accounting-based expert system developments appear to be virtually non-existent. The manner in which organizational change develops and the theoretical justification for the suitability of the management accounting domain for expert systems developments are reviewed, and a number of hypotheses are considered before describing and reporting the results of a survey into the attitudes and environments of UK practicing management accountants. The findings suggest that managemetn accountants may lack both awareness of the term and understanding of the nature of expert systems and that they generally do not believe that software can be trusted to make their job easier and improve the consistency of their decision making. It is concluded that a major educational initiative may be required if there is to be any likelihood of a significant change from the current position.5624 ?&Kampke, T. Radermacher, F.J. Wolf, P.1993!Supporting preference elicitation381-391Decision Support Systems9]Linear programming, human-machine interaction, multi criteria decision making, user modellingThe integration of decision analysis and expert system technology has not yet been sufficiently accomplished. For instance, knowledge-based systems often lack sophisticated abilities with respect to explicitly formulating needs of users, eg. preference modelling. (continued)5611G?Shaw, M.J. Fox, M.S.1993>Distributed artificial intelligence for group decision support349-367Decision Support Systems9Qgroup decision support, distributed artificial intelligence, mulit-agent learningRDecision support systems (DSS's) for aiding group problem-solving situations have become increasingly impportant for supporting and coordinating complex organizations. This paper describes a framework for designing, developing and formalizing gropu problem-solving systems based on distributed artificial intelligence (DAI). (continued)2609? Khorshid, M.19959Towards a computer-aided economic planning support system105-109Decision Support Systems132Hdecision support system, (DSS), development planning, economywide modelsThe purposes of this paper are (i) to ouline a conceptual framework of a computer-based DSS directed to support the development planning process, and (ii) to present the main features and strucutre of amodel-based management system designed to assist in formulating and testing medium-term economic plans. The system has proven to be useful for organizing, systemizing and supporting the development planning process. (continued)1607|?Ma, J.19951An object-oriented framework for model management133-139Decision Support Systems13Qdecision models, model management, object-oriented framework, operations researchThis paper presents a new framework for conceptual analysis of model management. The framework is object-oriented in the sense that it emphasizes the concepts of data abstraction, information hiding and inheritance. It consists of two parts, namely a conceptual structure for the specification of mathematical decision models and a set of high-level manipulation operators over the conceptual structure. (continued)1606?4Mitroppoulos, S. Assmakopoulos, V. Charalabidis, Y.1995VTwo dimensional colour pattern load analysis: A tool supporting demand-side management159-166Decision Support Systems13fdecision support systems, compute graphics, pattern recognition, demand side management, load analysisRLoad analysis is one of the most important operations that support demand-side management in large electric utilities. Ordinary load analysis techniques stress on statistical processing of hourly load data along predefined time axes, producing numerical results of a standard granularity, such as daily or weekly mean loads. (continued)1604?)Ribeiro, R.A. Powell, P.L. Baldwin, J.F.19958Uncertainty in decision making: An abductive perspective183-193Decision Support Systems13Ifuzziness, approximate reasoning, abduction, multiple attribute decisionsMany decisions involve uncertainty, yet most decision support systems (DSSs) and expert systems (ESs) are poorly equipped to deal with such problems. This paper employes an adbuctive perspective to propose a prototype framework for tackling uncertainty handling in DSS and ES. Five major features of such a framework, a user-friendly dialogure, a case-base, a knowledge-base, approximate reaosning and fuzzification/defuzzification mechanism are presented and developed. These are supported by an extended example.7602? Vetschera, R.1994KMCView: An integrated graphical system to support mulit-attribute decisions363-371Decision Support Systems11Tmulti-attribute decision making, graphical user interface, preference representationThis paper presents a DSS for multi-attribute decision problems called MCView. The system combiens a process-oreinted view of multi-attribute decision making with a comprehensive, graphical user interface. (continued)1493?Dubois, D. Koning, J-L.1994GA decision engine based on rational aggreagation of heuristic knowledge337-361Decision Support Systems11cdecision tables, social choice, rule-based systems, constraint satisfaction, fuzzy sets, schedulingConstraint propagation is a matter of logical deduction, but this is not usually sufficient to reach a solution to a problem. Heuristic knowledge is usually needed to go on with the solution search when logical deduction becomes inefficient. The way this second type of knowledge is handled has more to do with decision rather than deduction. In this paper we suggest a mechanism to handle heuristic knowledge based on social choice theory. (continued)5492`?'DeSanctis, G. Snyder, J.R. Poole, M.S.1994The meaning of the interface319-335Decision Support Systems11wmeeting software, software evaluation, software development, interface, decision support systems, group support systemsTA method for conducting a preliminary evaluation of a meeting software system is dewscribed and illustrated. The method assesses the degree of match between designer and user perspectives of a system by first defining and then evaluating the system in terms of its (1) inteface, (2) functionality, and (3) holistic attributes. (continued)2491r?Dutta, A. Mitra, S.1993OA hybrid AI/OR decision support tool for backbone communications network design359-378Decision Support Systems10hybrid search, telecommunication networks, topological design, truth maintenance, user interface, model management, model integration8Much of the existing DSS literature views the role of human expertise as primarily that of selecting appropriate formal models for solving a problem or synthesizing sequences thereof. Once a model (or model sequence) is determined, values of decision variables are determined by the model(s) alone. (continued)1487?Chen, Z.1995+Interacting with software system components349-357Decision Support Systems14?artificial intelligence, expert systems, user interface wrapperAn ideal user interface is a crucial factor to support the functionality of software systems for computerized decision making process. A recent trend has been to develop intelligence and flexible user interface on the to of software systems. However, as noted by Woods, a technololgy driven apporach to the development of intelligent interfaces is likely to provide the illusion of assistance while creating a new layer of burdens and complexities. (continued)5478?7Holsapple, C.W. Johnson, L.E. Manakyan, H. Tanner, J.1995OAn empirical assessment and categorization of journals relevant to DSS research359-367Decision Support Systems14CDSS research, citation analysis, journal rankings, DSS publicationsThis paper reports on an objective emprical study of the decision support system literature for the purpose of assessing journals relevant to DSS research efforts. Here, we provide DSS researchers and those who evaluate them an up-to-date picture of the forums available for scholarly discourse and research. We conducted a citation analysis of the Decision Support Systems journal for the years 1985-1993 to obtain a citation base containing over 7500 citations. (continued)7479q? Madon, S.1992lComputer-based information systems for decentralized rurla development administration: a case study in India20-29!Journal of Information Technology7Administrative reform currently being undertaken in a number of developing countries is focusing on the introduction of microcomputers as a tool for the decentralization of rural development administration. Experience to date concerning these efforts reveals that the key determinants of successful implementation of the technology are associated with organizational factors rather than hardware and software. (continued)3758?Balakrishnan, A. Whinston, A.B.1991)Information issues in model specification263-286Information Systems Research241757?Tan, J.K.H. Banbasat, I.1990zProcessing of graphical information: A decomposition taxonomy to match data extraction tasks and graphical representations416-439Information Systems Research14]processing of graphical information, task taxonomy, data extraction, graphical representationThe design of the user-computer interface is an important component of information system design, expecially for interactive systems developed for managerial users. Graphical information presentation methods, which are among the options to be considered in interface desing, have gained popularity in recent years as they ahve become more affordable due to cost reductions in hardware and the availability of software packages. (continued)7783?'Dattero, R. Ramirez, R.G. Choobineh, J.1990@Derived relations with exceptions: Decision support capabilities83-101)Journal of Management Information Systems64Adecision support system, relational database, database views, SQLDespite the widespread use of relational database management systems, their decision support capabilities have been limted. These limitations include: (1) very limited support for expression of general statements and excptions, (2) limited capabilites for what-if analysis, and (3) problems with the way derived data is handled. This paper shows that additional power can be placed in relational database systems via a new construct called Derived Relations with Exceptions (DREs). (continued)7769e?+Dennis, A.R. Nunamaker Jr, J.F. Vogel, D.R.1991XA comparison of laboratory and field research in the study of electronic meeting systems107-135)Journal of Management Information Systems73Lelectronic meeting systems, decision support systems, research methodologies0Research into the use of Electronic Meeting Systems (EMS) has rapidly increased over the past few years. however, EMS laboratory experiments have often drawn very different conclusions about the effects of EMS use than have EMS field studies - conclusions that at first appear inconsistent. (continued)2754?Volonino, L. Watson, H.J.1991^The strategic business objectives method for guiding executive information systems development27-39)Journal of Management Information Systems73[executive information systems (EIS), development methodologies, systems analysis and designSMany organizations are moving forward with the development of an executive information sstems (EIS). Based on the experiences of other organizations, there are guidelines that can be followed when creating an EIS. The strategic business objectives methodology corresponds with these guidelines and involves a six-step process (continued)3770?Diehr, G. Saharia, A. Chao, D.1990-Maintaining remote decision support databases111-138)Journal of Management Information Systems72idecision support systems, distributed databases, database snapshots, consistency in distributed databasesThis research describes and analyzes schemes for managing decision support databases that are extracted from a central database and 'downloaded" to personal workstations. Unlike a (true) distributed database system, where updates are propogated to maintain consistency, these remote 'snapshots' are updated only periodically ('refreshed') upo command of the remote workstation user. (continued)7759?Smith, J.Y. Vanecek, M.T.1990aDispersed group decision making using nonsimultaneous computer conferencing: A report of research71-92)Journal of Management Information Systems72group decision support systems, computer conferencing, nonsimulatneous computer conferencing, teleconferencing, task-oreinted decision making, interpersonal communication?A quasi-experiment was conducted in the field ot compare the decision making process for groups using a nonsimultaneous computer conferencing (NCC) system with similar groups using face-to-face (FTF) communication. Groups of five participants peformed group decision making using a general knowledge task. (continued)2755$?"Liu, J.I.C. Yun, D.Y.Y. Klein, G.1990)An agent for intelligent model management101-122)Journal of Management Information Systems71Kexpert system, intelligent agent, decision support system, model management(Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Expert Systems (ES) are both aimed at improving decision making. Current DSS usually concentrate on quantitative models while ES emphasize logic and reasoning. In this paper, we review previous ES approaches used by DSS to handle decision models. (continued)5771?McLeod, P.L. Liker, J.K.1992EElectronic meeting systems: Evidence from a low structure environment195-223Information Systems Research33Oelectronic meeting systems, GDSS, structure, participation equality, task focusThe research literature to date on electronic meeting systems (EMS) has been dominated by stuides of high structure systems. High and low structure are defined here in terms of the preponderance of influence that technology and groups exert on each other. High structure EMS attempt to directly influence group structure and processes through explicity rules and procedures embedded in the software. (continued)2745H?#Hiltz, S.R. Johnson, K. Turoff, M.1991tGroup decision support: The effects of designated human leaders and statistical feedback in computerized conferences81-108)Journal of Management Information Systems82Fcomputer-mediated communication systems, group decision support sytemsTwenty four groups of five professionals and managers used computer conferences to reach agreement on the best solution to a complex ranking problem. Two software tools for structuring the conferences were employed in a two by two factorial design. (continued)2747A?3Desanctis, G. Poole, M.S. Lewis, H. Desharnais, G.1991-92]Using computing in quality team meetings: Initial observations from the IRS-Minnesota project7-26)Journal of Management Information Systems83<group decision support, group problem solving, quality teamsQuality imporovement programs are regarded by many businesses as mechanisms for improving organizational competitiveness in the face of tightening budgets and more global market strucutres. Recently developed computer-supported group problem-solving tools, or Group Deicsion Support Systems (GDSSs), offer the potential to reduce the effort involved in applying quality improvement methods by providing automated means to enter, record, and operate on ideas generated by team members during face-to-face meetings. (continued)2748H?Hughes, C.T. Gibson, M.L.1991[Students as surrogates for managers in a decision-making environment: An experimental study153-166)Journal of Management Information Systems82pdecision support systems, decision process attributes, managerial decision making, student surrogates, training.Administering and controlling a field experiment in the area of information systems is a continuing problem. A solution for many researchers is to use students in controlled laboratory settings as surrogates for real-world decision makers. (continued)1762p?Ho, T.H. Raman, K.S.1991AThe effect of GDSS and elected leadership on small group meetings109-133)Journal of Management Information Systems82:electronic meeting systems, group decision support systems{This research investigated the effect of a group decision support system (GDSS) and elected leadership on meetings of five-person groups. A controlled experiment that varied the form of decision support (no support, manual structure support equivalent to the GDSS structure and GDSS support ) and elected leadership (yes and no) was used to compare group decisions. (continued)2749?)Zigurs, I. DeSanctis, G. Billingsley, J.1991lAdoption patterns and attitudinal development in computer-supported meetings: An exploratory study with SAMM51-70)Journal of Management Information Systems74group decision support systems, electronic meeting systems, decision support systems, group attitudes, group interaction processJTo permit exploration of the development of attitudes in a group decision support system environment, eight gropus of four and five persons each met in a computer-supported conference room over a period of two months. Each group addressed two strategic planning tasks, meeting for a total of eight two-hour sessions. (continued)2750x?'Castillo, D.G. Dolk, D.R. Kridel, D.J.1991-92LGOST: An active modeling system for costing and planning NASA space programs151-169)Journal of Management Information Systems83Mactive DSS, modeling environment, econometrics, hierarchical knowledge systemOThis paper describes an active, or symbiotic, decision support system developed for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration called the Generic Operations Simulation Technique (GOST). GOST combiens parametric modeling techniques (regression) with discrete-event simulation to cost and plan future space programs. (continued)5768? George, J.F.1991-92PThe conceptualization and development of organizational decision support systems109-125)Journal of Management Information Systems83aorganizational decision support systems, decision support systems, group decision support systemsxOrganizational decision support systems (ODSS) are a new type of decision support system (DSS) focusing on the organization rather than the individual or the group. In this paper, various conceptions of ODSS are reviewd, as are several architectures suggested for their construction. The paper ends with a discussion of the information technology on which ODSS can be based.2751?Lewe, H. Krcmar, H.1991-92kThe design process for a computer-supported cooperative work research laboratory: The Hohenheim CATeam Room69-85)Journal of Management Information Systems83architecture, CATeam room, computer aided team, computer-supported cooperative work, conference rooms, conference tables, design, electronic meeting systems, group decision support systems5The design of an evironment that supports computer-aided meetings of teams requires multidisciplinary cooperation between specialists in the field of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) and conference room and furniture desingers in order to master all requirments of such an environments. (continued)2752?MacCrimmon, K.R. Wagner, C.1991-92SThe architecture of an information system for the support of alternative generation46-67)Journal of Management Information Systems83decision support system, problem solving, problem formulation, alternative generation, idea generation, idea generation softwareTThe pre-choice stages of the problem solving process are more difficult to support through information systems than choice itself. Systems that facilitate problem formulation and solution finding are typically either expert system programs with narrow application domains or programs dealing with easily quantifiable problems. (continued)1767?!Ninios, P. Vlahos, K. Bunn, D.W.1995COO/DEVS: A platform for industry simulation and strategic modelling229-245Decision Support Systems15Jsimulation, object orientation, strategic modelling, modeling environmentsOO/DEVS is a software platform desinged for industr modelling and simulation. By that we refer to the modelling of enterprises, their policies and their interaction in the marketplace with the aim to explore different industrial scenarios or alternative strategies. (Continued)1644e?'Speier, C. Vessey, I. Valacich, J.S.2003}The effects of interruptions, task complexity, and information presentation on computer-supported decision making performance771-797Decision Sciences344@decision making, interruptions, information presentation formats2Interruptions are a frequent occurrence in the work life of most decision makers. This paper investigated the influence of interruptions on different types of decison-making tasks and the ability of information presentation formats, an aspect of information systems design, to alleviate them. (continued)1981?Tan, K.H. Platts, K.2003YLinking objectives to actions: A decision support approach based on cause-effect linkages569-593Decision Sciences343Ucausal models, decision support systems, planning/strategy, strategic decision makingThe process of translating objectives into actions is a difficult task. This difficulty is due to the wide range of possibilites and the lack of structured information. Managers must take into account relevant information and generate a range of options before a decision is reached. So far, little is available to guide managers in translating a set of objective into actions. (continued)1979?(Sexton, R.S. Sriram, R.S. Etheridge, H.2003eImproving decision effectiveness of artificial neural networks: A modified genetic algorithm approach421-442Decision Sciences343Partificial intelligence, decision support, financial distress, genetic algorithmThis study proposes the use of a modified genetic algorithm (MGA), a global search technique, as a training method to improve generalizability and to identify relevant inputs in a neural network (NN) model. Generalizability refers to the NN model's ability to perform well on exemplars (observations) that were not used during training (out-of-sample) improved generalizability enhances NN's acceptability as a valid decision support tool . (continued)5980?$Morton, A. Ackermann, F. Belton, V.2003uTechnology-driven and model driven approaches to group decision support: Focus, research philosophy, and key concepts110-126'European Journal of Information Systems126group decision support, group decision support systemsThere are (at least) two distinct traditions within group decision support: what we will call the 'technology driven' tradition, which originates in the Information Systems discipline, and what we will call the 'model driven' tradition, which originates in OR/MS. Although proponents of the two traditions share many of the same objectives, in the past there has been little communication between the two groups. (continued)2982?%Hayne, S.C. Pollard, C.E. Rice, R.E.2003GIdentification of comment authorship in anonymous group support systems301-329)Journal of Management Information Systems201Ranonymity, computer-mediated communication, group support systems, social networksThis study examines whether technically 'anonymous' comments entered by participants during group support system (GSS) brainstorming sessions are, in fact, unidentifiable. (continued)2974?0Briggs, R.O. De Vreede, G-J. Nunamaker Jr, J.F.2003_Collaboration engineering with ThinkLets to pursue sustained success with group support systems31-64)Journal of Management Information Systems194collaboration engineering, collaboration technology, group support systems, technology acceptance model (TAM), technology adoption, technology transfer, technology transition model (TTM), thinkLets0Field research and laboratory experiments suggest that, under certain circumstances, people using group support systems (GSs) can be significantly more productive than people who do not use them. Yet, despite their demonstrated potential, GSS have been slow to diffuse across organizations. (continued)2973?0Baesens, B. Setiono, R. Mues, C. Vanthienen, J.2003SUsing neural network rule extraction and decision tables for credit-risk evaluation312-329Management Science493Hcredit-risk evaluation, neural networks, decision tables, classificationCredit-risk evaluation is a very challenging and important management science problem in the domain of financial analysis. Many classification methods have been suggested in the literature to tackle this problem. Neural networks, especially, have received a lot of attention because of their universal approximation property. However, a major drawback associated with the use of neural networks for decision making is their lack of explanation capability. (continued)5972n? Negash, S. Ryan, T. Igbaria, M.2003?Quality and effectiveness in Web-based customer support systems757-768Information & Management40lWeb-based systems, customer support, information quality, system quality, service quality, user satisfactionQThe quality of a Web-based customer support system involves the information it supplies, the service it provides, and characteristics of the system itself; its effectiveness is reflected by the satisfaction of its users. This paper presents the results of a study of quality and effectiveness in Web -based customer support. (continued)1971?%Walters, B.A. Jiang, J.J. Klein, G.2003mStrategic information and strategic decision making: The EIS/CEO interface in smaller manufacturing companies487-495Information & Management405executive information systems, environmental scanningExecutive information systems (EIS) often foucs on providing external data to top managemetn for environmental scanning. However, for many executives, the need for internal information may be just a strong, in order to provide an accurate appraisal of the firms' ability to capitalize on opportunities. Yet much of the environmental scanning research to date focuses on the external environment. (continued)3970?Van Groenendaal, W.J.H.20031Group decision support for public policy planning371-380Information & Management40Sgroup decision support, pulic policy support, satisficing behaviour, decision logicDecision support often focuses on substantive rationality (what to choose). The procedural rationality (how to choose) of the process of long-term strategic decision making is then often neglected. In strategic decision making, supporting the decision process is more importatnt than supporting the search for an "optimal" solution to the problem, expecially since for most policy problems a well-defined objective function does not exist. (continued)2969,?Murthy, U.S. Kerr, D.S.2003Decision making performance of interacting groups: An experimental investigation of the effects of task type and communication mode351-360Information & Management40group decision making, computer-mediated communication, media synchronicity theory, teams, group interaction, dispersed organizationsResearch on the effectiveness of computer-mediated communication (CMC) has begun to explore the interaction between task type and communication mode. This study investigates the interaction between communication process goals and communication modes using teams with a shared history performing two tasks: idea-generation, requiring the conveyance of information, and problem-solving, requiring convergence on the best solution. (continued)2984?Nasirin, S. Birks, D.F.2003DDSS implementation in the UK retail organisations: A GIS perspective325-336Information & Management40decision support systems, DSS implementation, IS implementation, IS success, implementation success, grounded theory, case study researchGeographical information systems (GIS) are becoming more prevalent in both day-to-day and strategic decision-making by retailers. Given the array of itneranl and external databases they use and integrate, and the human and organisational development needed, a most apposite description of how a GIS may be introduced for retailing decision-making is 'system implementation.' (continued)1983?Xu, X.M. Kaye, G.R. Duan, Y.2003^UK executives' vision on business environment for information scanning, A cross industry study381-389Information & Management40fEnvironmental scanning, strategic information, information processing, business environment, UK surveyBusiness environment scanning contributes a great deal to strategic intelligence gathering. However, earlier studies treat the business environment as a single entity. This study based on a multi-industry survey examine dhow UK executives perceive the stability of the business environment in which their companies operate, and what environmental sectors are perceieved more strategically important than others for information scanning. (continued)3978Z? Bendoly, E.2003aTheory and support for process frameworks of knowledge discovery and data mining from ERP systems639-647Information & Management40;data mining, knowledge discovery in databases, process, ERPaExisting theory has framed the process of information extraction and agglomeration, also referred to as the knowledge discovery (KD) process, as a series of strategic search decisions, subject to constraints, with the objective of attaining a sufficient level of domain-specific knowledge for use in strategic planning. Supported by the experiences of firms representative of Client, Developer, and Third-party segments of the data mining (DM) community, this work provides an extension to this basic framework. The implications provided suggest a wealth of untapped opportunities in the are of KD research.7975V? Easton, G. Easton, A. Belch, M.20038An experimental investigation of electronic focus groups717-727Information & Management409focus groups, group support systems, impact of technologysRecently, we began applying Group support systems (GSS) tools to tasks and groups that are uncharacteristic of the GSS literature. Instead of using GSS tools on task requiring a solution, a decision, or any threshold consensus measure, we examined the potential utility that these tools have in the area of markting research, specifically with focus groups. (continued)2976?Tung, L.L. Turban, E.1998CA proposed research framework for distributed group support systems175-188Decision Support Systems23distributed group support systems, electronic meeting systems, group support systems, group decision support systems, distributed work, internet, intranetGlobalization, virtual corporations, telecommuting, empowerment of teams, reduced cycle time and the need to frequently make decisions quickly makes it necessary for groiups to work together while the participants may be in different locations. Distributed Group Support Systems (GDSS) is a technoloyg that can help gropus to overcome some of the difficulties associated with being in different places and sometimes different time zones. (continued)2694? Tsaih, R. Hsu, Y. Lai, C.C.1998?Forecasting S&P 500 stock index futures with a hybrid AI system161-174Decision Support Systems23vHybrid AI system, rule-based system, reasoning neural networks, back propagation networks, S&P 500 stock index futuresfThis study presents a hybrid AI (artificail intelligence) approach to the implementation of trading strategies in the S&P 500 stock index futures market. The hybrid AI approach integrates the rule-based systems technique and the neuarl networks tehnique to accurately predict the direction of daily price hcanges in S&P 500 stock index futures. (continued)5693]?  Pervan, G.P.1998QA review of research in Group Support Systems: Leaders, approaches and directions149-159Decision Support Systems23<group support systems, research methods, literature analysisrResearch into Group Support Systems (GSS) is still in its early stages but there is great worldwide itnerest in the area of research. The study has addressed these developmental issues through a thorough examination of literature from thirteen core IS and GSS journal in the period from the first published GSS journal articles (1984) until the end of 1996. (continued)2692?  Collaud, G.1998/A hypertext environment for linear optimisation111-131Decision Support Systems23Ulinear programming, hypertext, graphical modelling, integrated modelling environments9In decision making, multiple model representations of liner optimisation models are gaining growing interest and importance. In information science, hypertext and scripting facilities, both of which expand the expressiveness of simple text and graphic documents, have also become an important issue. (continued)1690"? Chan, H.C. Lee, S.L.1998*Support for mobile communications planning97-110Decision Support Systems23Fcommunications planner, DSS, mobile communications, network managementLCommunications planners have to consider many factors when deciding how best to provide communciations to communcations users. For mobile situations, time is critical. Planning in such situations is becoming an increasingly difficult task, and manual methods of calculation and planning are rapidly becoming obsolete. (continued)1689?  Mayer, M.K.1998NFuture trends in model management systems: Parallel and distributed extensions325-335Decision Support Systems22<model management systems, parallel and distributed computing/A model management system (MMS) is a computer system which aids in the organization, utilization, and executiion of models for deicion makers. Currently, MMS frameworks do not provide an estimate of computer resource consumption rates for solvers, or permit alternate computational models. (continued)1687?Liang, T-P. Konsynski, B.R.1993Modeling by analogy113-125Decision Support Systems9Hanalogical reasoning, model management systems, decision support systems<Models in business and management processes often draw on analogs for explanation in formulation. The basic principles of modeling by analogy are discussed and issues related to the support of this modeling approach the augmentation of functions provided by mdoel management systems (MMS) are examined. (continued)1684? Lenard, M.L.1993/An object-oriented approach to model management67-73Decision Support Systems9Pmodel management, object oriented systems, structured modeling, modeling systemsIn order to apply the object-oriented programming paradigm to model management, a model must be interpreted as a collection of 'objects' which perform the various modek management functions by receiving and responding to 'messages'. (continued)1681O?Dolk, D.R. Kottemann, J.E.1993(Model integration and a theory of models51-63Decision Support Systems9model integration, schema integration, process integration, structured modeling, communicating sequential processes, integrated modeling environments'Model integration extends the scope of model management to include the dimension of manipulation as well. This invariably leads to comparisons with database theory. Model integration is viewed from four perspectives; Organizational, definitional, procedural, and implementational. (continued)1680?Dhar, V. Jarke, M.1993On modeling processes39-49Decision Support Systems9_belief maintenance, dependencies, communication, conceptual modelling, ill-structured problems.While other work in model management has looked at models as static objects to be administered in database-like fashio, we emphasize the central role of process knowledge in model construction, usage, and maintenance. We claim that tools are needed to collaboratively elicit knowledge, to represent it conceptually, and to maintain its consistency over time by constraint propagation and reason maintenance. We describe examples of such tools and propose a general approach for integrating them.1679?Blanning, R.W.1993%Model management systems, An overview9-18Decision Support Systems9model management, data management, network systems, relational systems, artificial intelligence, enterprise modeling, organizational intelligenceDuring the past fifteen years, model management has grown from a few suggestions that data management be enlarged to included decision models to an estalished but still growing field of study. We examine three central topics in model management. (continued)1677.?Bhargava, H.K. Krishnan, R.1993!Computer-aided model construction91-111Decision Support Systems9We examine ways in which the construction of mathematical models may be supported, and review several approaches for computer-aided model construction. (continued)1683e?Heintz, T.J. Acar, W.1994rCausal modelling as a tool for problem framing within a group decision support system: An object-oriented approach291-310Information Systems Journal4ucausal mapping, group decision support systems, object-oriented design, problem framing, strategic situation analysisThis paper contributes toward the design of intelligent group decision support systems (GDSS). It suggests a GDSS architecture that would enable a group of managers to discuss, learn from each other and possibly develop consensus about decisions or their causes. (continued)2744<? Finlay, P.N.1993<Measures of success for lone-user management support systems47-67Information Systems Journal3decision support systems, group support systems, management information systems, management support systems, measures of success"Management support systems (MSS) are systems that involve the use of information technologies to support management: lone user MSS are such systems used be managers acting alone, whether the systems hyave been developed for individual's exlcusive use or for more than one user. (continued)1756r?